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20,364 dokumentov
The document works through an arbitrage-free valuation problem for a down-and-in claim paying the underlying stock value at maturity if a barrier is touched. The barrier equals the strike of a down-and-out call. The given market prices are for the…
The document asks what it means to say Black–Scholes overprices or underprices options when the option’s true value is not directly known. It presents research claims that the model can price deep in-the-money calls too high and deep out-of-the-money calls…
The document explains what serves as collateral in a collateralized loan obligation. A special purpose vehicle buys leveraged loans and issues debt tranches as well as a junior equity security. The loan pool is held by the vehicle; the manager is paid to…
The document asks how to trade a violation of a stated no-arbitrage inequality involving three swaptions with the same strike and different option and swap maturities. The condition says the prices of two shorter-maturity swaptions, taken together, should be…
The document considers whether the optimal risky-asset weight in the classical Merton portfolio problem must lie between zero and one. In the setup described, the investor allocates a fraction of wealth to a risky asset, with zero interest rates assumed for…
The document asks whether sub-Gaussian random variables or processes appear in financial models or applications, contrasting their rapidly decaying tails with the fat tails often seen in financial time series. The response offers one concise observation: a…
The document addresses why historical values from Yahoo Finance’s API may differ from those shown in its interactive chart. The answer focuses on the distinction between Close and Adjusted Close: the chart may display adjusted values that account for events…
The document compares the simple exponentially weighted moving average used in legacy RiskMetrics volatility estimates with the more involved RiskMetrics 2006 approach. The response characterizes the later methodology as combining an ARCH-like process with…
The document describes how to distinguish order events in full-depth equity market data, particularly when preparing intraday records for analysis or machine learning. It maps message labels to their likely roles: adds on the bid or ask represent limit…
The document explains how to evaluate the probability that one of two correlated geometric Brownian motion stock prices will exceed the other at a future date. The key step is to take the ratio of the future prices: its logarithm is normally distributed,…
The document addresses the tedious process of downloading adjusted closing prices for several stocks individually and merging the resulting files. It presents two programmatic alternatives: using a Python data-reader library to request multiple symbols over…
The document asks whether transaction records and candlestick summaries can reveal the highest bid, lowest ask, or quote sizes in the foreign exchange market. The available data includes trade times, amounts, prices, and bar-level measures such as highs,…
The document asks how to convert dollar P&L into percentage returns for a two-leg straddle strategy sized by vega notional. The strategy aims to stay vega neutral by balancing its legs, while positions are adjusted and delta hedged over time. The central…
The document asks why Ljung–Box tests on squared returns can report very high p-values even when their autocorrelation plots appear to show dependence. It presents test results for returns and squared returns at several lag lengths, then asks whether the…
The document discusses how to choose the observation window and retesting frequency for cointegration methods such as the ADF and Johansen tests when designing a pairs strategy. It rejects a universal lookback standard and relates the choice to data…
The document compares two ways to forecast a stock’s performance relative to a benchmark: model each asset’s returns separately and subtract the forecasts, or model the relative return directly. It frames the problem as a weekly time-series forecasting task…
The document asks why a forward contract’s value at delivery is not simply the spot price minus the contracted delivery price. It describes the holder’s apparent ability to buy at the agreed price and immediately sell at the market price, then questions a…
The document clarifies how USD LIBOR quote dates relate to loan periods and how business-day conventions affect swap dates. A non-overnight tenor quote is described as a forward rate whose accrual period begins two business days after the curve’s anchor…
The document asks how to handle the negative rate-times-value term in a Heston–Hull–White partial differential equation discretized with an alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme. The paper described by the question allocates this term evenly among the…
The document describes an apparent discontinuity in weekly historical prices retrieved through quantmod for an Indian equity. The response traces the discrepancy to the underlying Yahoo Finance history rather than to quantmod itself: the same inconsistent…
The document asks when the conditional expectation of a terminal payoff given the full Brownian filtration can be expressed using only the current state of a diffusion. Its proposed argument relies on future Brownian increments being independent of the past…
The document proposes studying a quantity formed by multiplying the difference in expected returns of two return series by the square root of the variance of their return difference. This reverses the variance term’s placement in the conventional information…
The document asks how to backtest a stock-direction model that is retrained on historical price windows and used to generate trades. The author reports prediction accuracy and wants to test a strategy over multiple years, including risk controls such as stop…
The document clarifies how to calculate profit and loss for a continuously delta-hedged option position. Its central distinction is between the gains from holding a changing number of shares and the change in the market value of the final share position.…