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20,364 dokumenter
The document addresses why a mutual fund return calculated from raw closing prices and a separately added dividend may differ from the fund's published calendar year total return. The answer compares year-end adjusted closing prices for consecutive calendar…
The document explains why a standard dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) GARCH model does not allow unrestricted cross effects in the conditional variance equations. In the described two asset setup, each asset's conditional variance is fitted with a…
The answer shows how to price a European average-price call option using QuantLib’s continuous geometric averaging Asian option class. It sets up a call payoff and European exercise date, then supplies an initial asset value, constant volatility, and flat…
The discussion considers replacing discretionary Black-Litterman views with systematic signals. The proposed example estimates each stock’s residual return from a market model, standardizes residual averages by their volatility, and uses the difference…
This example explains how to impose linear restrictions on the cointegrating vectors of a Johansen vector error correction model. It begins with simulated series sharing a common stochastic trend, estimates a model with four cointegrating relationships, and…
The discussion distinguishes short holding periods from true high-frequency trading. It describes HFT as requiring rapid market-data processing and order execution, often on microsecond timescales, while commenters report that Interactive Brokers’ API…
The question asks whether two sets of bootstrapped Value at Risk estimates, generated from returns before and after a recession, can be compared with a t-test. The response says that non-normality in the underlying returns does not automatically rule out a…
The document addresses how to calculate each company’s percentile rank for dividend yield and PEG ratio within its industry, using a universe such as the S&P 500 Pure Value Index. The suggested workflow is to retrieve ticker, industry, PEG, and…
The discussion considers how to choose when to buy a required quantity of an asset whose price follows an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck mean-reverting process, given a finite deadline. One response frames this as an execution problem: wait for prices to move favorably…
The note asks why the maximum-Sharpe portfolio problem can be reformulated as minimizing portfolio variance subject to a fixed excess-return target. Its central idea is scale invariance: multiplying portfolio weights by a positive constant leaves the Sharpe…
The document explains why stock and government bond prices can have changing correlations. Both asset classes respond to changes in risk-free discount rates: when rates rise, the present value of their future cash flows can fall. Equity prices also depend on…
The document reconciles two expressions for estimating the present value of dividends from option prices. It states European put-call parity in terms of the spot price, strike, discount factor, call price, and put price, then rearranges the relationship to…
The document asks how to size a short position in one asset to hedge a long position in another using their betas. The accepted answer gives a dollar-weighting rule: make each position’s market value inversely proportional to its beta. It illustrates the…
The document asks why White’s Bootstrap Reality Check (BRC) evaluates the best-performing strategy in a group. It proposes applying the same procedure to the second-best strategy, then to lower-ranked strategies, by comparing each strategy’s scaled mean…
The document describes a Monte Carlo resampling approach to mean-variance portfolio optimization. It outlines fitting return distributions to assets, simulating returns while respecting assumptions about expected returns, volatility, and correlation,…
The discussion explains why daily component contributions that add to a portfolio’s return cannot each be compounded independently and expected to reproduce the portfolio’s compounded performance. Contributions allocate each period’s portfolio gain across…
The document explains how to construct periodic open, high, low, and close values from a stream of market prices. Its central rule is to choose one price series first—such as bids, asks, or last trades—and compute the bar from that series alone. For…
The document considers whether macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation, employment, and fiscal spending relate to company revenues or earnings across industries. It proposes using company-level panel data and asks whether a fixed-effects model…
The problem describes a European call that must be sold if an independent event occurs, at the lower of its current value and its original purchase price. One response reframes the contract as a standard call minus the value of a compound call written on…
The note explains that whether to include a shutdown period in a strategy’s Sharpe ratio depends on why the strategy stopped trading and what the statistic is intended to measure. If a discretionary trader deliberately moves to cash, that choice is part of…
The discussion surveys products outside plain-vanilla swaps, swaptions, caps, and floors, while noting that the examples are not all specific to interest rates. It briefly defines Asian, Bermudan, digital, barrier, and window-barrier options, then describes…
The discussion considers why option-pricing models commonly use stock-return processes with finite variance, even when heavier tails are desired. It gives several explanations: the historical influence of Black–Scholes, mathematical and computational…
The discussion clarifies that “linearity” in classical statistics is broader than whether a formula contains only first-degree terms. It refers to properties of relationships and estimators, including linear combinations of random variables and linearity…
The discussion examines how to estimate the six-month roll-down of a five-year interest rate swap. It challenges simply subtracting a five-year spot rate and a four-and-a-half-year spot rate, then explains how to represent the original swap after time…