लाइव ट्रेडिंग सुरक्षा: पुराना डेटा, हानि सीमाएँ और मिलान

# Runtime Safety Showcase: Stale Data, Kill Switch, Reconciliation, Health


# Runtime Safety Showcase: Stale Data, Kill Switch, Reconciliation, Health

**Docker image**: `ml4t`

**Section Reference**: 25.7 (Operational readiness)

**Implementation Skills**:
- `ml4t.live.safety`: enforced `max_data_staleness_seconds` and `max_daily_loss`
- `ml4t.live.safety`: persisted `RiskState` and `SafeBroker.connect()` startup reconciliation
- `ml4t.live.engine`: `LiveEngine.runtime_status()` and the `ok` / `waiting_for_data` /
  `feed_silent` / `idle_market_closed` / `broker_disconnected` / `stopped` health states
- `ml4t-live` CLI as an out-of-process operator surface

**Why This Notebook Exists**

`10_safety_risk_demo` walks through the configurable risk surface, the settings the strategy
author exposes to the operator. This notebook exercises the runtime trust contract: what
happens *under failure* in the kinds of scenarios a live deployment must survive. A pre-flight
checklist is only useful if the controls actually fire when the conditions they protect
against arise. Here each control is driven into the failure mode it was designed for.

**Learning Objectives**
- Watch `SafeBroker` reject orders against a stale `MarketSnapshot` and against a daily-loss
  breach, and confirm the kill switch latches across `SafeBroker` reconstruction.
- Inspect a non-clean `reconciliation_report` from a deliberately divergent persisted state
  file, then resolve it and reconnect to a clean report.
- Read `LiveEngine.runtime_status()` and observe the engine transition through the health
  states named in §25.7.
- Use the `ml4t-live` CLI to inspect the persisted state file out of process.

**Prerequisites**
- `ml4t-live` installed at the version `pyproject.toml` pins (`uv sync` from repo root).
- Read §25.7 for the operational framing; `10_safety_risk_demo` for the configurable surface.
- No broker credentials and no exchange access: every demo runs against a synthetic broker.

## Setup

Imports, logging, and a minimal asynchronous broker that satisfies the protocol `SafeBroker`
expects. The synthetic broker is deliberately stateful so each demo can shape its position,
order, and account-value snapshots without involving a live venue.

```python
"""Runtime Safety Showcase: stale-data, daily-loss, reconciliation, and engine health states."""

import asyncio
import json
import logging
import os
import tempfile
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from datetime import UTC, datetime
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any

import polars as pl
from ml4t.backtest.strategy import Strategy
from ml4t.backtest.types import Order, OrderSide, OrderStatus, OrderType, Position
from ml4t.live import LiveRiskConfig, RiskLimitError, RiskState, SafeBroker
from ml4t.live.engine import LiveEngine

from utils.paths import get_output_dir

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.WARNING,
    format="%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s: %(message)s",
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def run_demo(awaitable):
    """Run an async demo outside the notebook kernel's active event loop."""
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor:
        return executor.submit(lambda: asyncio.run(awaitable)).result()
```

```python
# Production defaults; papermill may inject overrides
STALE_DATA_WAIT_SECONDS = 1.5  # how long to sleep before retrying with stale data
KILL_SWITCH_LOSS_USD = 1_000.0  # synthetic equity drawdown driving the trip
HEALTH_OBSERVATION_SECONDS = 6  # total wall time spent observing engine health states
STATE_DIR = get_output_dir(25, "runtime_safety_showcase") / "temporary_state"
STATE_DIR.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
```

### A Synthetic Broker

The query surface exposes only the state `SafeBroker` needs. Order submission follows in a
separate cell so readers can distinguish broker observation from broker mutation.

```python
class DemoBrokerQueries:
    """Connection and read-only methods required by `SafeBroker`."""

    async def connect(self) -> None:
        self._connected = True

    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
        self._connected = False

    async def is_connected_async(self) -> bool:
        return self._connected

    @property
    def execution_capabilities(self):
        return frozenset()

    def assert_paper_trading(self) -> None:
        return None

    def get_position(self, asset: str) -> Position | None:
        return self.positions.get(asset)

    async def get_position_async(self, asset: str) -> Position | None:
        return self.positions.get(asset)

    async def get_positions_async(self) -> dict[str, Position]:
        return dict(self.positions)

    async def get_pending_orders_async(self) -> list[Order]:
        return list(self.pending_orders)

    async def get_account_value_async(self) -> float:
        return self.account_value

    async def get_cash_async(self) -> float:
        return self.account_value
```

The mutable broker appends synthetic orders locally and never opens an external connection.

```python
class DemoBroker(DemoBrokerQueries):
    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        positions: dict[str, Position] | None = None,
        pending_orders: list[Order] | None = None,
        account_value: float = 100_000.0,
    ) -> None:
        self._connected = False
        self.positions = dict(positions or {})
        self.pending_orders = list(pending_orders or [])
        self.account_value = float(account_value)
        self._order_counter = 0

    async def submit_order_async(
        self,
        asset: str,
        quantity: float,
        side: OrderSide | None = None,
        order_type: OrderType = OrderType.MARKET,
        limit_price: float | None = None,
        stop_price: float | None = None,
        **_: Any,
    ) -> Order:
        if side is None:
            side = OrderSide.BUY if quantity > 0 else OrderSide.SELL
            quantity = abs(quantity)
        self._order_counter += 1
        order = Order(
            asset=asset,
            side=side,
            quantity=quantity,
            order_type=order_type,
            limit_price=limit_price,
            stop_price=stop_price,
            order_id=f"DEMO-{self._order_counter:04d}",
            status=OrderStatus.PENDING,
            created_at=datetime.now(UTC),
        )
        self.pending_orders.append(order)
        return order

    async def cancel_order_async(self, order_id: str) -> bool:
        return False

    async def close_position_async(self, asset: str) -> Order | None:
        return None
```

## 1. Stale-Data Rejection

`SafeBroker` keeps a `MarketSnapshot` per asset whenever the engine receives bars. Every
order intent is checked against that snapshot's age and
`LiveRiskConfig.max_data_staleness_seconds`. Orders against a snapshot older than that
threshold raise `RiskLimitError`, because the freshest known price is no longer trustworthy
enough to size against.

The demo below sets a 1-second staleness threshold, accepts one order against a fresh
snapshot, then waits past the threshold and submits another order. The second order must
fail. There is no retry and no fallback to a stale price: the strategy waits for fresh data
or stands down.

```python
def _temp_state_path(prefix: str) -> Path:
    """Return a non-existent path inside the isolated notebook output directory."""
    fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix=prefix, suffix=".json", dir=STATE_DIR)
    os.close(fd)
    p = Path(name)
    p.unlink(missing_ok=True)
    return p


def _cleanup_state_path(path: Path) -> None:
    """Remove a temporary risk-state file and its default sibling journal."""
    journal = path.with_name(f"{path.stem}-journal{path.suffix or '.json'}l")
    for candidate in (
        path,
        path.with_name(f"{path.name}.lock"),
        journal,
        journal.with_name(f"{journal.name}.lock"),
        journal.with_name(f"{journal.name}.head"),
    ):
        candidate.unlink(missing_ok=True)


stale_state = _temp_state_path("nb13_stale_")
stale_broker = DemoBroker()
stale_safe = SafeBroker(
    stale_broker,
    LiveRiskConfig(
        execution_mode="paper",
        max_order_value=10_000.0,
        max_data_staleness_seconds=1.0,
        state_file=str(stale_state),
    ),
)
run_demo(stale_safe.connect())

# Fresh snapshot, order accepted
stale_safe._record_market_data(datetime.now(UTC), {"DEMO": {"close": 100.0}}, {})
fresh_order = run_demo(stale_safe.submit_order_async("DEMO", 10))
print(f"fresh_data_order: accepted ({fresh_order.order_type.value} {fresh_order.quantity} DEMO)")

# Wait past staleness threshold
time.sleep(STALE_DATA_WAIT_SECONDS)

try:
    run_demo(stale_safe.submit_order_async("DEMO", 1))
except RiskLimitError as exc:
    print(f"stale_data_block: {exc}")
else:
    raise AssertionError("Stale market data did not block the second order")

run_demo(stale_safe.disconnect())
_cleanup_state_path(stale_state)
```

The second order never reaches the broker adapter, and the `RiskLimitError` carries both the
measured age and the configured threshold, which is what the operator needs to decide between
widening the staleness window, investigating the feed, and halting.

A feed that goes silent during a venue outage is a common live failure, and trading on the
last known price through the outage is how a stop-loss strategy turns into its own opposite.
The staleness check is the runtime enforcement of §25.7's pre-flight requirement that prices
be current rather than stale.

## 2. Auto Kill-Switch Trip on Daily-Loss Breach

Every order submission also reads the broker's account value. The first read anchors the
session's starting equity; each later one measures the intraday loss as the drop from that
anchor, floored at zero. When the loss exceeds `LiveRiskConfig.max_daily_loss`, the kill
switch latches and the order is rejected.

The demo simulates an equity drawdown by mutating the broker's `account_value` mid-session.
The first order anchors the session start; the equity drops; the next order trips the
kill switch. The persisted `RiskState` records the activation reason so a same-day restart
resumes with the latch intact.

```python
killswitch_state = _temp_state_path("nb13_killswitch_")
killswitch_broker = DemoBroker(account_value=100_000.0)
killswitch_safe = SafeBroker(
    killswitch_broker,
    LiveRiskConfig(
        execution_mode="paper",
        max_order_value=10_000.0,
        max_daily_loss=KILL_SWITCH_LOSS_USD,
        max_data_staleness_seconds=60.0,
        state_file=str(killswitch_state),
    ),
)
run_demo(killswitch_safe.connect())
killswitch_safe._record_market_data(datetime.now(UTC), {"DEMO": {"close": 100.0}}, {})

# Anchor session_start_equity at $100k
run_demo(killswitch_safe.submit_order_async("DEMO", 1))
print(f"pre_drawdown_state: kill_switch={killswitch_safe._state.kill_switch_activated}")

# Simulated equity drop
killswitch_broker.account_value = 100_000.0 - (KILL_SWITCH_LOSS_USD + 250.0)
killswitch_safe._record_market_data(datetime.now(UTC), {"DEMO": {"close": 99.0}}, {})

try:
    run_demo(killswitch_safe.submit_order_async("DEMO", 1))
except RiskLimitError as exc:
    print(f"daily_loss_block: {exc}")
else:
    raise AssertionError("Daily-loss breach did not block the order")

print(
    "post_breach_state: "
    f"kill_switch={killswitch_safe._state.kill_switch_activated} "
    f"daily_loss=${killswitch_safe._state.daily_loss:,.0f} "
    f"reason={killswitch_safe._state.kill_switch_reason!r}"
)
run_demo(killswitch_safe.disconnect())
```

### 2a. Reconstructing `SafeBroker` from the State File

A real engine restart re-instantiates `SafeBroker` from its state file. The latch and the
activation reason persist; the next order is rejected before it reaches any risk check
downstream of the kill switch.

```python
killswitch_safe2 = SafeBroker(
    DemoBroker(account_value=100_000.0),
    LiveRiskConfig(
        execution_mode="paper",
        max_order_value=10_000.0,
        max_daily_loss=KILL_SWITCH_LOSS_USD,
        max_data_staleness_seconds=60.0,
        state_file=str(killswitch_state),
    ),
)
print(
    "after_restart_state: "
    f"kill_switch={killswitch_safe2._state.kill_switch_activated} "
    f"reason={killswitch_safe2._state.kill_switch_reason!r}"
)
run_demo(killswitch_safe2.connect())
killswitch_safe2._record_market_data(datetime.now(UTC), {"DEMO": {"close": 100.0}}, {})
try:
    run_demo(killswitch_safe2.submit_order_async("DEMO", 1))
except RiskLimitError as exc:
    print(f"post_restart_block: {exc}")
else:
    raise AssertionError("Persisted kill switch did not block the restarted broker")
run_demo(killswitch_safe2.disconnect())

# Reset for downstream demos
_cleanup_state_path(killswitch_state)
```

The kill switch enforces §25.7's requirement that it remain independent of the component it
controls. Because the latch lives in a state file, an engine crash and reconnect does not
silently re-enable trading; the operator must explicitly clear the latch before the engine
resumes. The Friday-after-hours pile-up that motivated the startup reconciliation in
`12_ib_basket_rebalance_demo` is the same failure in the position dimension rather than
the P&L dimension.

Latching the switch in persistent state is what makes it usable in an emergency. A
non-persistent kill switch is a flag in process memory, and the recovery from a disorderly
day is the worst time to discover the difference.

## 3. Reconciliation Report on a Divergent State File

`SafeBroker.connect()` diffs the persisted snapshot from the previous session against the
broker's authoritative current state. The demo below writes a state file claiming the
strategy ended the previous session long 10 AAPL with a working LIMIT order, then connects
to a broker that knows about neither. The reconciliation report lists every divergence; a
production launcher refuses to start a new trading cycle until the report is clean or the
operator has explicitly cleared the persisted state.

```python
recon_state = _temp_state_path("nb13_recon_")
divergent = RiskState(
    date=datetime.now(UTC).date().isoformat(),
    persisted_positions={"AAPL": 10.0},
    persisted_pending_orders=[
        {
            "asset": "AAPL",
            "side": "buy",
            "quantity": 10.0,
            "order_type": "limit",
            "limit_price": 150.0,
        }
    ],
)
recon_state.write_text(json.dumps(divergent.to_dict(), indent=2))
recon_state.chmod(0o600)

recon_broker = DemoBroker(
    positions={
        "MSFT": Position(
            asset="MSFT",
            quantity=5,
            entry_price=410.0,
            entry_time=datetime.now(UTC),
        )
    }
)
recon_safe = SafeBroker(
    recon_broker,
    LiveRiskConfig(execution_mode="paper", state_file=str(recon_state)),
)
run_demo(recon_safe.connect())

report = recon_safe.reconciliation_report
print(f"clean: {report['clean']}")
print(f"missing_positions:    {report['missing_positions']}")
print(f"unexpected_positions: {report['unexpected_positions']}")
print(f"quantity_mismatches:  {report['quantity_mismatches']}")
print(f"missing_pending_orders:    {len(report['missing_pending_orders'])} order(s)")
print(f"unexpected_pending_orders: {len(report['unexpected_pending_orders'])} order(s)")
assert report["clean"] is False
assert report["missing_positions"] == {"AAPL": 10.0}
assert report["unexpected_positions"] == {"MSFT": 5.0}
assert len(report["missing_pending_orders"]) == 1
```

The report names which positions and orders disagree, and in which direction. `missing_positions` are positions the persisted state expected and the broker no
longer reports, typically after a manual flatten, an after-hours fill, or an overnight
corporate action. `unexpected_positions` are positions present at the broker that the
persisted state did not know about, typically a fill that landed after the last persist,
or a position created out of band.

Reading the report is half the task; resolving it is the other half. The operator either
investigates the divergence in the broker GUI and re-runs once it is understood, or, when
the divergence is known to be benign, clears the persisted state and reconnects to a
clean baseline.

```python
run_demo(recon_safe.disconnect())
_cleanup_state_path(recon_state)

# Clean baseline: persisted positions match the broker exactly
clean_state = _temp_state_path("nb13_recon_clean_")
matched_state = RiskState(
    date=datetime.now(UTC).date().isoformat(),
    persisted_positions={"MSFT": 5.0},
    persisted_pending_orders=[],
)
clean_state.write_text(json.dumps(matched_state.to_dict(), indent=2))
clean_state.chmod(0o600)

recon_broker_clean = DemoBroker(
    positions={
        "MSFT": Position(
            asset="MSFT",
            quantity=5,
            entry_price=410.0,
            entry_time=datetime.now(UTC),
        )
    }
)
recon_safe_clean = SafeBroker(
    recon_broker_clean,
    LiveRiskConfig(execution_mode="paper", state_file=str(clean_state)),
)
run_demo(recon_safe_clean.connect())
clean_report = recon_safe_clean.reconciliation_report
print(f"after_reset clean: {clean_report['clean']}")
assert clean_report["clean"] is True
run_demo(recon_safe_clean.disconnect())
_cleanup_state_path(clean_state)
```

A production launcher should treat a non-clean reconciliation report the same way it treats
a failed authentication probe: refuse to launch and wait for
operator action. `12_ib_basket_rebalance_demo` implements that policy: the IB basket loop
will not submit if the report is not clean.

## 4. Engine Health States

`LiveEngine.runtime_status()` returns a dict whose `health` field reduces engine and feed
state to a small set of operator-readable categories: `stopped`, `waiting_for_data`,
`ok`, `feed_silent`, `idle_market_closed`, and `broker_disconnected`. The demo below
constructs a tiny engine over a synthetic feed and a no-op strategy, runs it for a short
bounded window, halts the feed, and reports the health transitions. No real venue, no
broker connectivity, only the engine's own bookkeeping.

The toy feed declares no equity symbols, so the engine treats it as a continuous
market. This removes wall-clock session dependence and makes the health sequence
reproducible at any hour.

```python
@dataclass
class IdleStrategy(Strategy):
    """Strategy that ignores every bar, so only the health state is under observation."""

    bars_seen: int = 0

    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        try:
            super().__init__()
        except TypeError:
            pass

    def on_data(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        self.bars_seen += 1

    def on_start(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        return None

    def on_end(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        return None
```

#### Toy market-data feed

A minimal async feed that emits a fixed number of bars then goes silent.
Pairing it with `IdleStrategy` lets the LiveEngine's health-state
transitions surface (`waiting_for_data` → `ok` → `feed_silent`) without
any real market dependency.

```python
@dataclass
class _ToyFeed:
    """Synthetic feed that emits one bar then goes silent until stopped."""

    initial_bars: int = 1
    start_delay_seconds: float = 0.2
    bar_interval_seconds: float = 0.1
    silent_after_initial: bool = True
    stopped: bool = field(default=False)

    async def start(self) -> None:
        self.stopped = False

    def stop(self) -> None:
        self.stopped = True

    def __aiter__(self):
        return self._stream()

    async def _stream(self):
        await asyncio.sleep(self.start_delay_seconds)
        for _ in range(self.initial_bars):
            if self.stopped:
                return
            yield (datetime.now(UTC), {"DEMO": {"close": 100.0}}, {})
            await asyncio.sleep(self.bar_interval_seconds)
        # Go silent: never yield more bars, just hold the iterator open
        while not self.stopped:
            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
```

Wire the feed, strategy, and demo broker into a `LiveEngine` with a
short feed-silence timeout so the watchdog flips to `feed_silent`
quickly once the toy feed stops emitting bars.

```python
broker_h = DemoBroker()
feed_h = _ToyFeed(initial_bars=2, start_delay_seconds=0.2, bar_interval_seconds=0.05)
strategy_h = IdleStrategy()
engine = LiveEngine(
    strategy=strategy_h,
    broker=broker_h,
    feed=feed_h,
    feed_silence_seconds=1.0,
    watchdog_poll_seconds=0.25,
)
```

`observe_engine` polls `runtime_status()` within a bounded window and records
each expected health transition when it occurs.

```python
async def observe_engine() -> list[tuple[float, str]]:
    """Run the engine until each expected health transition occurs."""
    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    started_at = loop.time()
    deadline = started_at + HEALTH_OBSERVATION_SECONDS
    transitions = [(0.0, engine.runtime_status()["health"])]

    async def wait_for_health(expected: str) -> None:
        while loop.time() < deadline:
            health = engine.runtime_status()["health"]
            if health == expected:
                transitions.append((round(loop.time() - started_at, 2), health))
                return
            await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
        observed = [health for _, health in transitions]
        raise AssertionError(f"expected health {expected!r}; observed {observed}")

    await engine.connect()
    run_task = asyncio.create_task(engine.run())
    for expected in ("waiting_for_data", "ok", "feed_silent"):
        await wait_for_health(expected)
    await engine.stop()
    run_task.cancel()
    try:
        await run_task
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        pass
    transitions.append((round(loop.time() - started_at, 2), engine.runtime_status()["health"]))
    return transitions
```

```python
timeline = run_demo(observe_engine())
```

```python
last = None
transitions: list[dict] = []
for t, health in timeline:
    if health != last:
        transitions.append({"t_seconds": round(t, 2), "health": health})
        last = health
health_timeline = pl.DataFrame(transitions)
observed_health = health_timeline["health"].to_list()
assert observed_health == [
    "stopped",
    "waiting_for_data",
    "ok",
    "feed_silent",
    "stopped",
], observed_health
health_timeline
```

The printed sequence dedupes consecutive identical health states, so the observed output is `stopped → waiting_for_data → ok → feed_silent → stopped`.
A short initial delay makes the waiting state observable, and the feed's continuous-market
contract removes equity-session dependence. None of the transitions require a real venue.

`runtime_status()` is what a watchdog or supervisor process reads.
The categories are deliberately narrow because operators act on them under stress:
`feed_silent` calls for a different response than `broker_disconnected` even though both
look like "data stopped" from inside the strategy loop.

```python
assert not list(STATE_DIR.iterdir()), list(STATE_DIR.iterdir())
STATE_DIR.rmdir()
assert not STATE_DIR.exists(), STATE_DIR
print("Temporary state artifacts: cleaned")
```

## Key Takeaways

1. **Stale-data rejection** prevents trading on prices the runtime no longer trusts. The
   threshold is enforced per asset on every order intent.
2. **Daily-loss kill switch** latches in persisted state; reconstruction does not reset it,
   which is what makes it useful as an emergency control.
3. **Startup reconciliation** surfaces every divergence between the persisted snapshot and
   the broker's authoritative state. Production launchers refuse to start a new cycle
   against a non-clean report.
4. **Engine health states** reduce the runtime to a small operator-facing vocabulary that a
   supervisor process can consume directly.

**Next**: `10_safety_risk_demo` covers the configurable risk surface;
`12_ib_basket_rebalance_demo` shows the same controls in a live IB paper basket rebalance; §25.7 ties the abstract pre-flight requirements to the
enforced runtime behaviours demonstrated here.