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Dokumentumok száma: 20,364
The document explains the basic construction of a bull spread using European calls with a common expiration. For the two-call example, the proposed position buys the lower-strike call and sells the higher-strike call. The intuition offered is that the…
The document separates three questions: whether next-day variance is forecastable, whether the full return distribution can be forecast, and how to evaluate those forecasts. It describes ARCH/GARCH models and explains why early comparisons using squared…
The document explains how to detect missing daily or intraday market observations when trading days differ across countries, venues, and securities. A simple holiday list can help, but it may not capture cases where a security follows rules different from…
The document examines an analysis that decomposes Apple’s price changes into intraday moves, from open to close, and overnight moves, from one close to the next open. The author reports that the overnight component accounts for the net rise in the period…
The document examines the expiry payoff and a proposed Black-style valuation for a payer option on a credit default swap index. It identifies two issues: whether the payoff’s running-spread component should reflect the surviving index factor, and how the…
The document gives an intuitive comparison of three stochastic-process concepts used in quantitative finance. A random walk evolves in discrete steps, illustrated by repeated coin tosses that move a path up or down. Brownian motion is continuous in time and…
The document discusses how someone without access to an OTC derivatives desk can study prices and payoff risks for customized options. It explains that dealers generally quote only to established desk customers, who may need product-specific legal agreements…
The document explains why the S&P 500 uses a divisor and how that divisor is maintained. The index level is calculated from constituent market capitalization relative to the divisor; the divisor is adjusted when corporate actions or changes to index…
The document clarifies the distinction between daily futures accounting and final settlement. Futures are settled at expiry, while their positions are marked to market each day. The daily mark to market changes the balance in the trader’s margin account,…
The document corrects a proposed variance formula for a stock modeled with geometric Brownian motion. Under Black–Scholes dynamics, the terminal price is lognormally distributed. Its conditional mean is the current price grown at the risk free rate less the…
The document asks how to update confidence in a strategy’s true future Sharpe ratio as returns arrive, distinguishing that unknown quantity from the Sharpe ratio calculated on a backtest. Strong or weak realized performance can reflect either luck or a…
For European interest rate options, the document distinguishes pricing from hedging. Vanilla prices across strikes can be represented by an implied volatility surface or interpolated total variance, so stochastic volatility is not required to price each…
The document considers whether a stock’s CAPM beta should vary with the investment horizon used to make a capital budgeting decision. The response treats beta estimation as an unstable-parameter problem and suggests matching the return horizon to the project…
The document addresses how to estimate a higher-confidence Value-at-Risk from an existing VaR estimate when returns are assumed to follow a normal distribution and the confidence level is one-tailed. Its method is to rescale the original estimate by the…
The document asks how to convert daily portfolio and benchmark returns, contributions, and allocation and selection effects into monthly attribution while keeping the effects consistent with the portfolio’s excess return. It distinguishes compounding returns…
The document discusses how to interpret parametric value at risk and standard deviation when assessing an asset or portfolio. Its answer cautions that VaR relies on assumptions and leaves out important dimensions of risk, so it should not serve as a complete…
The document explains how to assess whether a proposed factor adds explanatory power to a Fama–French three-factor model. It distinguishes time-series regressions on sorted portfolios, which measure how much factor variation explains return variation, from…
The document questions whether risk-neutral valuation remains adequate as derivatives become actively traded. It argues that the classical view treats derivatives as replicating portfolios, while trading in derivatives can produce volatility skews, smiles,…
The document asks why an up-and-out call is said to have a lower delta than a standard call, while a down-and-out call is said to have a higher delta. The answers reason from how the underlying’s movement affects both the call payoff and the chance that the…
The document sets up a small Treasury futures example to investigate whether parallel yield curve shifts can change which bond is cheapest to deliver. It uses two hypothetical deliverable bonds, prices them from a shifted curve, applies conversion factors,…
The answer introduces Lévy processes as a way to model jumps in asset prices and connects them to risk-neutral pricing. It contrasts two constructions of price dynamics in the Black–Scholes setting, then describes generalizing them by replacing Brownian…
The answer distinguishes standard interest rate swap valuation from non-deliverable swaps, explaining that a library supporting ordinary swaps may not directly handle the latter. It outlines the fixed and floating leg present values for a standard swap,…
The answer explains why published deep learning results in trading are relatively scarce and why performance depends on the market and available data. It argues that rich equity data, including news and company information, may support more complex models,…
The document lists several basic ways to offset the interest rate exposure of a long bond position. Besides selling the same bond or a different bond, it names paying a swap and buying a payer swaption as possible hedges. Bond futures are also included in…