시점 기준 재무, 거시 레짐과 달력 특징

# 04_fundamentals_macro_calendar.py


```py
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# %% [markdown]
# # Slow Features and Context: Fundamentals, Macro, Calendar
#
# **Chapter 8: Feature Engineering**
# **Section Reference**: 8.4 - Contextual and Slow-Moving Features
# **Docker image**: `ml4t`
#
# ## Purpose
#
# This notebook covers **slow-moving features** that provide context for faster signals:
#
# 1. **Fundamentals**: Value, quality, growth factors from financial statements
# 2. **Macro**: Economic indicators, yield curves, credit spreads, risk regimes
# 3. **Calendar**: Cyclical encodings for seasonal patterns
#
# ## Key Principle
#
# Slow features update infrequently (quarterly, monthly, or by schedule) but
# condition daily decisions. The binding constraint is **data integrity**:
# ensuring each observation reflects only what was knowable at decision time.
#
# ## Data Policy
#
# All examples use **real data** (SEC XBRL, FRED macro).
#
# ## References
#
# - Fama and French (1992, 1993): Value, size, profitability factors
# - Cochrane (2011): "Presidential Address: Discount Rates", on the factor zoo
# - Harvey, Liu, and Zhu (2016): "...and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns"
#
# ## Case Study Mapping
#
# | Case Study | Relevant Features |
# |------------|-------------------|
# | ETFs (`etfs`) | Calendar encodings, macro regimes |
# | US Firm Characteristics (`us_firm_characteristics`) | All fundamental factors |
# | S&P 500 Equity+Options (`sp500_equity_option_analytics`) | Macro + VIX regime |

# %%
"""Slow Features and Context: fundamentals, macro and calendar features that condition faster signals."""

from __future__ import annotations

import logging
import warnings
from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta

import plotly.graph_objects as go
import polars as pl
from plotly.subplots import make_subplots

from data import load_macro as _load_macro_canonical
from data import load_sec_xbrl_fundamentals

# Importing utils.style registers and activates the ML4T Plotly template.
from utils.style import COLORS, show_plotly_with_alt

# polars cannot verify per-group sortedness once join_asof is given `by`, so it warns on
# every such call; both calls below pass frames sorted by [symbol, join-key], which is what
# the join requires. Naming the message keeps every other polars warning visible.
warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore",
    message="Sortedness of columns cannot be checked when 'by' groups provided",
    category=UserWarning,
)

# %% tags=["parameters"]
SEED = 42
CALENDAR_START_DATE = "2015-01-01"

# %% [markdown]
# ---
#
# # Part 1: Fundamental Factors
#
# Fundamental factors update quarterly but inform daily trading decisions.
#
# **Key challenges**:
# - Point-in-time accuracy (use announcement date, not period end)
# - Forward-filling to daily frequency
# - Factor staleness between announcements

# %% [markdown]
# ## Load Fundamental Data
#
# ### Scope: scaffolding for the construction mechanics, not a real-data value pipeline
#
# `load_fundamentals()` reads SEC XBRL filings. XBRL publishes accounting numbers
# (book equity, earnings, operating cash flow, capex) but does **not** publish
# market capitalization, which comes from market prices on the announcement
# date. To keep the value-factor cells below executable on the XBRL output
# alone, this notebook approximates `market_cap = 2 × book_value`. This is a
# **scaffolding** value: it lets the downstream `compute_value_factors()` cell
# show the mechanics of book-to-market, earnings yield, and cash-flow yield,
# but the resulting numbers are **not** the real-data factor values.
#
# The lookahead-safe, real-data version (XBRL fundamentals joined to daily
# adjusted prices on the announcement date, with point-in-time discipline) is
# demonstrated in the `us_firm_characteristics` case study and uses the
# `load_firm_characteristics()` loader from `data/equities/loader.py`. See
# Chapter 11's case study pipeline (`case_studies/us_firm_characteristics/`)
# and the Chen-Pelger-Zhu (2020) panel for the production version.

# %%
# Denominator safety constant (used by all factor computations)
EPSILON = 1e-10


# %% [markdown]
# The XBRL loader exposes one column per us-gaap concept, lowercased. The map below gives
# them the shorter names the rest of this notebook uses.

# %%
_XBRL_RENAMES = {
    "stockholdersequity": "book_value",
    "netincomeloss": "earnings",
    "revenues": "revenue",
    "netcashprovidedbyusedinoperatingactivities": "operating_cf",
    "longtermdebt": "total_debt",
    "paymentstoacquirepropertyplantandequipment": "capex",
}


def load_fundamentals() -> pl.DataFrame:
    """Load SEC XBRL fundamentals and normalize to factor-friendly names.

    Note: `market_cap` remains a SCAFFOLDING approximation (2× book value)
    because XBRL does not publish market capitalization. Production systems
    should join with actual price data on the announcement date.
    """
    df = load_sec_xbrl_fundamentals().rename(_XBRL_RENAMES)

    # `assets` preserves its lowercase concept name; alias for downstream code.
    df = df.with_columns(
        [
            # Market cap approximation, SCAFFOLDING only: XBRL carries no market cap
            (pl.col("book_value") * 2.0).alias("market_cap"),
            pl.col("assets").alias("total_assets"),
        ]
    )

    # Accruals (earnings - operating CF)
    if "operating_cf" in df.columns:
        df = df.with_columns(
            pl.when(pl.col("operating_cf").is_not_null())
            .then(pl.col("earnings") - pl.col("operating_cf"))
            .otherwise(0.0)
            .alias("accruals")
        )

    return df


fundamentals = load_fundamentals()
print(f"Fundamental data: {len(fundamentals):,} rows, {fundamentals['symbol'].n_unique()} symbols")
fundamentals.head(5)

# %% [markdown]
# ## Value Factors
#
# Value factors identify stocks trading at discounts relative to fundamentals.
#
# > **Reminder**: every factor below has `market_cap` in the denominator and
# > `market_cap` is the `2 × book_value` scaffolding from §1.1. The cell
# > demonstrates the *construction* of book-to-market, earnings yield, and
# > cash-flow yield; the *values* are not the real-data factor values. See
# > the `us_firm_characteristics` case study for the production version.


# %%
def compute_value_factors(df: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Compute value factors with denominator clipping for safety.
    """
    return df.with_columns(
        [
            # Book-to-Market
            (pl.col("book_value") / pl.col("market_cap").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias(
                "book_to_market"
            ),
            # Earnings yield
            (pl.col("earnings") / pl.col("market_cap").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias("earnings_yield"),
            # Cash flow yield
            (pl.col("operating_cf") / pl.col("market_cap").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias("cf_yield"),
            # FCF yield
            (
                (pl.col("operating_cf") - pl.col("capex"))
                / pl.col("market_cap").clip(EPSILON, None)
            ).alias("fcf_yield"),
        ]
    )


value_df = compute_value_factors(fundamentals)
print("Value factors computed:")
print(value_df.select(["symbol", "fiscal_quarter_end", "book_to_market", "earnings_yield"]).tail(5))

# Book-to-market is pinned by the scaffolding rather than measured. Show that rather than
# asserting it, so a reader who later swaps in real market caps sees the claim change.
_btm = value_df["book_to_market"].drop_nulls()
print()
print(f"book_to_market takes {_btm.n_unique()} distinct value(s) across {len(_btm)} rows")
print(f"  min {_btm.min():.6f}, max {_btm.max():.6f}")
print(f"earnings_yield takes {value_df['earnings_yield'].drop_nulls().n_unique()} distinct values")

# %% [markdown]
# **Interpretation**: read the distinct-value counts printed above before reading anything
# into the ratios. Book-to-market takes a single value across every row, because this
# scaffolding derives `market_cap` from `book_value` by a fixed multiple rather than
# reading a market price. The cell demonstrates the formula; it does not show a
# cross-section, and no ranking can be built from a column that is constant.
#
# On real data the ratio would vary, and a low book-to-market would say the market prices
# the firm well above its book value, which is usually read as a premium for intangibles
# or expected growth. Earnings yield is earnings over market cap, the inverse of the P/E
# ratio, so higher is more value-oriented. It does vary here, because earnings move across
# quarters even while the book-to-market is pinned, which is why its distinct-value count
# is the larger of the two.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Quality Factors
#
# Quality factors identify financially healthy companies.


# %%
def compute_quality_factors(df: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Compute quality factors with denominator safety.
    """
    return df.with_columns(
        [
            # ROE
            (pl.col("earnings") / pl.col("book_value").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias("roe"),
            # ROA
            (pl.col("earnings") / pl.col("total_assets").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias("roa"),
            # Accruals ratio (lower = better quality)
            (pl.col("accruals") / pl.col("total_assets").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias(
                "accruals_ratio"
            ),
            # Leverage
            (pl.col("total_debt") / pl.col("total_assets").clip(EPSILON, None)).alias(
                "debt_to_assets"
            ),
        ]
    )


quality_df = compute_quality_factors(value_df)
print("Quality factors computed:")
quality_df.select(["symbol", "fiscal_quarter_end", "roe", "roa", "accruals_ratio"]).tail(10)

# %% [markdown]
# ## Daily Alignment with Correct ASOF Join
#
# **Critical**: Both DataFrames must be sorted by the join keys.
#
# ```python
# # WRONG: Only sorting by date
# daily_df.join_asof(fundamental_df.sort("timestamp"), on="timestamp")
#
# # CORRECT: Sort both by [symbol, date]
# daily_df.sort(["symbol", "timestamp"]).join_asof(
#     fundamental_df.sort(["symbol", "announcement_date"]),
#     left_on="timestamp",
#     right_on="announcement_date",
#     by="symbol",
# )
# ```


# %%
def align_factors_to_daily(
    factor_df: pl.DataFrame,
    daily_dates: pl.DataFrame,
    announcement_col: str = "announcement_date",
) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Align quarterly factors to daily frequency using ASOF join.

    CRITICAL: Both frames must be sorted by join keys.
    """
    # Ensure sorting on both frames (REQUIRED for join_asof)
    factor_sorted = factor_df.sort(["symbol", announcement_col])
    daily_sorted = daily_dates.sort(["symbol", "timestamp"])

    # ASOF join: each day gets most recent announced values
    aligned = daily_sorted.join_asof(
        factor_sorted,
        left_on="timestamp",
        right_on=announcement_col,
        by="symbol",
        strategy="backward",
    )

    return aligned


# Create daily dates for alignment demo
symbols = quality_df["symbol"].unique().to_list()
daily_dates = (
    pl.DataFrame(
        {"timestamp": pl.date_range(date(2024, 1, 1), date(2024, 12, 31), "1d", eager=True)}
    )
    # Polars weekday(): Mon=1 .. Sun=7, so <=5 keeps Mon-Fri (business days).
    .filter(pl.col("timestamp").dt.weekday() <= 5)
    .join(pl.DataFrame({"symbol": symbols}), how="cross")
)

aligned = align_factors_to_daily(
    quality_df.select(
        ["symbol", "announcement_date", "fiscal_quarter_end", "roe", "book_to_market"]
    ),
    daily_dates,
)

print(f"Daily aligned: {len(aligned):,} rows across {aligned['symbol'].n_unique()} symbols")

# %% [markdown]
# The ASOF join makes point-in-time discipline visible: the daily ROE is a step
# function that changes **only** on an announcement date and holds the last
# reported value until the next filing. Plotting one symbol shows the staircase;
# the amber dashed lines mark the quarterly announcement dates that create each
# step.

# %% [markdown]
# `unique()` does not promise a stable order, and a few symbols carry all-null ROE on this
# slice because their XBRL earnings are missing. The selection below is therefore
# deterministic: the symbol whose daily ROE has the fewest gaps, which gives the figure an
# unbroken staircase to draw.

# %%
viz_symbol = (
    aligned.group_by("symbol")
    .agg(pl.col("roe").is_not_null().sum().alias("n_obs"))
    .sort(["n_obs", "symbol"], descending=[True, False])["symbol"][0]
)
viz_aligned = aligned.filter(pl.col("symbol") == viz_symbol).sort("timestamp")
ann_dates = (
    quality_df.filter(pl.col("symbol") == viz_symbol)
    .select("announcement_date")
    .drop_nulls()
    .unique()
    .sort("announcement_date")["announcement_date"]
    .to_list()
)

fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=viz_aligned["timestamp"].to_list(),
        y=viz_aligned["roe"].to_list(),
        mode="lines",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["blue"], shape="hv"),  # step-after: value held forward
        name="Daily ROE (ASOF backward-fill)",
    )
)
for ad in ann_dates:
    if date(2024, 1, 1) <= ad <= date(2024, 12, 31):
        fig.add_vline(x=ad, line_dash="dash", line_color=COLORS["amber"])

# Fix the y-range to the plotted values (with padding) so the modest quarterly
# steps fill the axis instead of being crushed by autoscale.
lo, hi = viz_aligned["roe"].min(), viz_aligned["roe"].max()
pad = (hi - lo) * 0.25
fig.update_layout(
    height=420,
    title=f"Between filings ROE steps only on announcement dates ({viz_symbol})",
    showlegend=False,
)
fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Trading day (2024)")
fig.update_yaxes(
    title_text="Return on equity (earnings / book value)",
    range=[lo - pad, hi + pad],
)
show_plotly_with_alt(
    fig,
    (
        "A step chart of return on equity for one company across 2024, drawn as a dark "
        "line against a vertical axis labelled earnings over book value. The line holds "
        "perfectly flat between filings and changes level only where a dashed amber "
        "vertical line marks an announcement date; three such lines sit in early May, "
        "early August and early November. The first announcement steps the level down, "
        "the second steps it up past where it began, and the third steps it up again to "
        "the highest level of the year, which then holds to the right edge."
    ),
)

# %% [markdown]
# ### Inflated Sample-Size Warning
#
# Forward-filling quarterly data to daily frequency inflates the apparent
# sample size. Each fundamental observation is repeated across every trading
# day until the next announcement - roughly a quarter's worth of days - so the
# daily panel carries the same information many times over. The cell below
# reports the empirical inflation factor for this demo.

# %%
# Count unique fundamental observations vs total daily rows
if len(aligned) > 0:
    n_daily = len(aligned)
    # Approximate unique observations: distinct (symbol, fiscal_quarter_end) pairs
    n_unique = (
        aligned.drop_nulls(["fiscal_quarter_end"])
        .select(["symbol", "fiscal_quarter_end"])
        .unique()
        .shape[0]
    )
    inflation_ratio = n_daily / max(n_unique, 1)

    print(f"Daily rows:           {n_daily:,}")
    print(f"Unique observations:  {n_unique:,}")
    print(f"Inflation ratio:      {inflation_ratio:.0f}x")
    print(
        f"\nEach fundamental observation is repeated ~{inflation_ratio:.0f} times via forward-fill."
        "\nThis inflates t-statistics if not accounted for."
        "\nSee Section 7.2 on uniqueness weighting for the correction."
    )

# %% [markdown]
# ---
#
# # Part 2: Macro Features
#
# Macro data comes at mixed frequencies (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly).
#
# **Key considerations**:
# - **Publication lag**: Monthly data has 2-4 week delay
# - **Revisions**: Initial estimates are often revised
# - **Forward-fill carefully**: Limit to avoid stale data

# %% [markdown]
# ## Load Macro Data
#
# > **Publication Lag Warning**: Macro data has significant publication delays.
# > Conservative approach: Lag monthly data by 30+ days.


# %%
macro = _load_macro_canonical()
print(f"Macro data: {len(macro):,} rows")
print(f"Columns: {[c for c in macro.columns if c != 'timestamp'][:10]}")

# %% [markdown]
# ## Trend Features with Publication Lag
#
# > **Conservative Lagging**: For monthly data, add 30-day lag to ensure
# > the data was actually available at the trading date.


# %%
def create_macro_trend_features(
    df: pl.DataFrame,
    cols: list[str],
    windows: list[int] = [21, 63, 252],
    conservative_lag: int = 0,  # Days to lag for publication delay
) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Create trend features from macro data.

    Args:
        df: Macro data
        cols: Columns to process
        windows: Rolling window sizes
        conservative_lag: Days to lag for publication delay safety
    """
    # Apply conservative lag if specified
    if conservative_lag > 0:
        lag_exprs = [
            pl.col(c).shift(conservative_lag).alias(f"{c}_lagged") for c in cols if c in df.columns
        ]
        df = df.with_columns(lag_exprs)
        cols = [f"{c}_lagged" for c in cols if c in df.columns]

    feature_exprs = []
    for col in cols:
        if col not in df.columns:
            continue

        for w in windows:
            # Z-score
            feature_exprs.append(
                (
                    (pl.col(col) - pl.col(col).rolling_mean(w))
                    / pl.col(col).rolling_std(w).clip(EPSILON, None)
                ).alias(f"{col}_zscore_{w}d")
            )
            # Rate of change
            feature_exprs.append(pl.col(col).pct_change(w).alias(f"{col}_roc_{w}d"))

    return df.with_columns(feature_exprs)


# Apply to VIX (daily, no lag needed)
daily_cols = ["vixcls", "dgs10", "t10y2y"]
macro_features = create_macro_trend_features(
    macro,
    [c for c in daily_cols if c in macro.columns],
    windows=[21, 63],
)

print(f"Macro features: {len(macro_features.columns)} columns")

# %% [markdown]
# **Interpretation**: Z-scored macro data measures whether the current indicator
# level is unusual relative to its recent history. A VIX z-score of +2 means
# fear is elevated relative to the last 21 or 63 days, which conditions how
# momentum and carry signals perform.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Monthly Features with Correct Forward-Fill
#
# **Fix**: Use forward-filled version for YoY/3m changes, not raw monthly.


# %%
def create_monthly_features(
    df: pl.DataFrame,
    monthly_cols: list[str],
    conservative_lag: int = 30,  # Monthly data publication delay
) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Create features from monthly macro data.

    Uses forward-filled version for change calculations.
    Applies conservative lag for publication delay.
    """
    feature_exprs = []

    for col in monthly_cols:
        if col not in df.columns:
            continue

        # Forward-fill with limit (avoid very stale data)
        ffill_col = f"{col}_ffill"
        df = df.with_columns(
            pl.col(col).shift(conservative_lag).forward_fill(limit=45).alias(ffill_col)
        )

        # YoY change (using forward-filled, lagged version)
        feature_exprs.append(pl.col(ffill_col).pct_change(252).alias(f"{col}_yoy"))
        # 3-month change
        feature_exprs.append(pl.col(ffill_col).pct_change(63).alias(f"{col}_3m_chg"))

    if feature_exprs:
        df = df.with_columns(feature_exprs)

    return df


# Example: unemployment (monthly)
if "unrate" in macro.columns:
    macro_features = create_monthly_features(macro_features, ["unrate"], conservative_lag=30)

# %% [markdown]
# ## Relative Value Features
#
# **Naming fix**: Rolling median ≠ percentile rank. Be precise.


# %%
def create_relative_value_features(df: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """
    Create relative value features with correct naming.

    Note: rolling_median is NOT a percentile rank - it's the median value.
    Percentile rank would be: rank(current) / count (0-100 scale).
    """
    feature_exprs = []

    # Credit spread (if available)
    if "bamlc0a0cm" in df.columns:
        feature_exprs.append(pl.col("bamlc0a0cm").alias("credit_spread"))

    # Term spread (if available)
    if "t10y2y" in df.columns:
        feature_exprs.append(pl.col("t10y2y").alias("term_spread"))

    if feature_exprs:
        df = df.with_columns(feature_exprs)

    # Rolling MEDIAN (not percentile - be precise about naming)
    median_cols = ["vixcls", "credit_spread", "term_spread"]
    median_exprs = [
        pl.col(c).rolling_median(252).alias(f"{c}_rolling_median_252d")
        for c in median_cols
        if c in df.columns
    ]

    if median_exprs:
        df = df.with_columns(median_exprs)

    return df


macro_features = create_relative_value_features(macro_features)

# %% [markdown]
# ## Yield-Curve Slope Feature
#
# The yield-curve slope, the ten-year minus two-year spread, arrives as `t10y2y`. Two
# transforms follow, with their windows declared as constants in the next cell: an
# exponential moving average to smooth the daily series, and a rolling z-score so the
# level is read against its own recent range rather than in absolute basis points.
#
# Both windows count **calendar** days, which is the thing to check before copying a
# window length from a notebook that works on price bars. This macro panel carries a row
# for every date, weekends and holidays included, because FRED series are forward-filled
# onto a daily grid. A window of 250 rows on price bars is a trading year; the same 250
# rows here reach back about eight months. The cell below asserts the grid spacing rather
# than trusting it.

# %%
# Named in calendar days because the macro panel is a calendar-day grid; see above.
YC_EMA_SPAN_DAYS = 7  # one week of smoothing on the daily spread
YC_ZSCORE_WINDOW_DAYS = 365  # one year, for the regime-relative z-score

_gaps = macro_features["timestamp"].sort().diff().drop_nulls().dt.total_days().unique().to_list()
print(f"spacing between macro rows, in days: {sorted(_gaps)}")
if sorted(_gaps) != [1]:
    raise ValueError(
        "the macro panel is not on a one-calendar-day grid, so the window constants above "
        f"do not mean what they say; observed gaps: {sorted(_gaps)}"
    )

macro_features = macro_features.with_columns(
    pl.col("t10y2y").ewm_mean(span=YC_EMA_SPAN_DAYS, ignore_nulls=True).alias("yc_slope_ema"),
).with_columns(
    [
        (
            (pl.col("yc_slope_ema") - pl.col("yc_slope_ema").rolling_mean(YC_ZSCORE_WINDOW_DAYS))
            / pl.col("yc_slope_ema").rolling_std(YC_ZSCORE_WINDOW_DAYS).clip(EPSILON, None)
        ).alias("yc_slope_zscore"),
    ]
)
# %% [markdown]
# The two panels below trace the whole history. The top panel shows the raw ten-year minus
# two-year spread with its smoothed version; the shaded band marks inversions, where the
# spread sits below zero, which is the classic recession precursor. The bottom panel shows
# the z-score, which restates the same slope relative to its own recent regime, so a
# reading far from zero means the curve is unusual for this period rather than unusual in
# absolute terms.
#
# The count of shaded episodes printed with the figure includes several that lasted a
# single day. Those bands are drawn, and at this width they are narrower than a pixel:
# twenty-five years across a nine-hundred-pixel figure leaves each day about a tenth of
# one. Read the count rather than trying to find them, and note that an inversion lasting
# one day is a fact about the series that a chart of this span cannot show, which is a
# reason to keep the count beside the chart rather than to redraw it.

# %%
yc = macro_features.select(["timestamp", "t10y2y", "yc_slope_ema", "yc_slope_zscore"]).drop_nulls(
    "yc_slope_zscore"
)

fig = make_subplots(
    rows=2,
    cols=1,
    shared_xaxes=True,
    vertical_spacing=0.08,
    subplot_titles=[
        f"10Y-2Y spread and its {YC_EMA_SPAN_DAYS}-calendar-day EMA",
        f"{YC_ZSCORE_WINDOW_DAYS}-calendar-day z-score of the EMA slope",
    ],
)
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=yc["timestamp"].to_list(),
        y=yc["t10y2y"].to_list(),
        name="Raw spread",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["neutral"], width=1),
        opacity=0.5,
    ),
    row=1,
    col=1,
)
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=yc["timestamp"].to_list(),
        y=yc["yc_slope_ema"].to_list(),
        name=f"{YC_EMA_SPAN_DAYS}-day EMA",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["blue"], width=2),
    ),
    row=1,
    col=1,
)
fig.add_hline(y=0, line_dash="dash", line_color=COLORS["copper"], row=1, col=1)

# Shade each inversion episode, meaning each contiguous run of days with the spread below
# zero. Runs are found by numbering the sign changes and grouping on that number, so two
# inversions separated by a single positive day stay two episodes rather than merging.
_inv = yc.with_columns((pl.col("t10y2y") < 0).alias("inverted")).with_columns(
    (pl.col("inverted") != pl.col("inverted").shift(1)).fill_null(True).cum_sum().alias("episode")
)
# Half a day of padding each side, so a one-day episode is a visible band rather than a
# zero-width rectangle that draws nothing. Endpoints become datetimes first: these are
# pl.Date, and date arithmetic keeps only the whole-day part of a timedelta.
_pad = timedelta(hours=12)
_episodes = (
    _inv.filter("inverted")
    .group_by("episode")
    .agg([pl.col("timestamp").min().alias("start"), pl.col("timestamp").max().alias("end")])
    .sort("start")
    .iter_rows(named=True)
)
_single_day = 0
for _ep in _episodes:
    _x0 = datetime.combine(_ep["start"], time.min) - _pad
    _x1 = datetime.combine(_ep["end"], time.min) + _pad
    if _x0 >= _x1:
        raise ValueError(f"inversion band {_ep['start']}..{_ep['end']} has no width to draw")
    _single_day += _ep["start"] == _ep["end"]
    fig.add_vrect(
        x0=_x0,
        x1=_x1,
        fillcolor=COLORS["copper"],
        opacity=0.12,
        line_width=0,
        row=1,
        col=1,
    )
print(f"shaded inversion episodes, of which single-day: {_single_day}")

fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=yc["timestamp"].to_list(),
        y=yc["yc_slope_zscore"].to_list(),
        name="z-score",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["blue"], width=1.5),
    ),
    row=2,
    col=1,
)
fig.add_hline(y=2, line_dash="dash", line_color=COLORS["neutral"], row=2, col=1)
fig.add_hline(y=-2, line_dash="dash", line_color=COLORS["neutral"], row=2, col=1)
fig.update_layout(
    height=560,
    title="The yield-curve slope, EMA-smoothed and restated as a z-score",
    showlegend=False,
)
fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Spread (pct points)", row=1, col=1)
fig.update_yaxes(title_text="z-score (std devs)", row=2, col=1)
fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Date", row=2, col=1)
show_plotly_with_alt(
    fig,
    (
        "Two stacked panels sharing a date axis running from the early 2000s to the "
        "mid-2020s. The top panel plots the ten-year minus two-year Treasury spread in "
        "percentage points, a faint grey raw series under a darker smoothed line, "
        "against a dashed zero line. The spread rises to a broad peak in the early "
        "2000s, falls to around zero by the middle of that decade, peaks again around "
        "2010, then declines in steps to sit below zero for the last stretch before "
        "recovering at the right edge. Pale copper vertical bands shade the periods "
        "where the spread is below zero: two narrow bands close together in the middle "
        "2000s, and one wide band covering most of the final years. The bottom panel "
        "plots the same slope as a rolling z-score in standard deviations, which swings "
        "much faster than the level above it and crosses outside the dashed reference "
        "lines at plus and minus two repeatedly across the span."
    ),
)

# %% [markdown]
# **Interpretation**: The z-score centers the slope relative to its recent history.
# Values above +2 indicate an unusually steep curve (risk-on, growth expectations);
# below -2 indicates inversion (recession signal). The EMA removes daily noise
# without introducing significant lag.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Risk Regime Features


# %%
def create_risk_regime_features(df: pl.DataFrame) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """Create risk regime indicators."""
    feature_exprs = []

    # VIX regime (thresholds: <15 low, 15-25 normal, >25 high)
    if "vixcls" in df.columns:
        feature_exprs.append(
            pl.when(pl.col("vixcls") < 15)
            .then(0)
            .when(pl.col("vixcls") < 25)
            .then(1)
            .otherwise(2)
            .alias("vix_regime")
        )
        # VIX ratio to 252-day max
        feature_exprs.append(
            (pl.col("vixcls") / pl.col("vixcls").rolling_max(252).clip(EPSILON, None)).alias(
                "vix_relative_to_max"
            )
        )

    # Credit regime
    if "credit_spread" in df.columns:
        feature_exprs.append(
            pl.when(pl.col("credit_spread") < 1.0)
            .then(0)
            .when(pl.col("credit_spread") < 2.0)
            .then(1)
            .otherwise(2)
            .alias("credit_regime")
        )

    return df.with_columns(feature_exprs) if feature_exprs else df


macro_features = create_risk_regime_features(macro_features)
print("Risk regime features:")
macro_features.select([c for c in macro_features.columns if "regime" in c or "relative" in c]).tail(
    5
)

# %% [markdown]
# ---
#
# # Part 3: Calendar and Seasonal Encodings
#
# Calendar features encode **predictable clocks**: sessions, day-of-week,
# month-of-year, and scheduled events. The key principle is to encode
# **phase and proximity**, not outcomes.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Cyclical Encoding
#
# Encoding month as an integer (1-12) implies an ordinal relationship
# (December > January). Cyclical sin/cos encoding removes this artifact:
#
# $$x_{\sin} = \sin\left(\frac{2\pi \cdot m}{12}\right), \quad x_{\cos} = \cos\left(\frac{2\pi \cdot m}{12}\right)$$

# %%
from ml4t.engineer.features.ml import cyclical_encode

from data import load_etfs

etfs = load_etfs()
spy = etfs.filter(pl.col("symbol") == "SPY").sort("timestamp")
calendar_start_dt = datetime.fromisoformat(CALENDAR_START_DATE)
spy = spy.filter(pl.col("timestamp") >= calendar_start_dt)

# cyclical_encode resets its own logger level to INFO on every call, so a global
# disable gate (not setLevel) is the reliable way to keep its per-call
# "Starting/Completed calculation" lines out of the reader-facing output.
logging.disable(logging.INFO)
# Cyclical encoding for month
month_encoded = cyclical_encode(pl.col("timestamp").dt.month(), period=12, name_prefix="month")
cal_df = spy.with_columns(**month_encoded)

# Day-of-week encoding (Monday=1, Friday=5)
dow_encoded = cyclical_encode(pl.col("timestamp").dt.weekday(), period=5, name_prefix="dow")
cal_df = cal_df.with_columns(**dow_encoded)
logging.disable(logging.NOTSET)

print(f"Calendar encodings added to {len(cal_df):,} SPY daily rows (month_sin/cos, dow_sin/cos)")

# %% [markdown]
# The value of the encoding is easiest to see on the unit circle. Mapping each
# month to $(\cos\theta, \sin\theta)$ places the twelve months evenly around a
# ring, so December (12) sits right next to January (1) - the "wrap-around" that
# an integer 1-12 encoding breaks. Distance on the ring equals distance in the
# calendar.

# %%
# Recover the 12 distinct month encodings actually produced above.
month_circle = (
    cal_df.select(
        month=pl.col("timestamp").dt.month(),
        month_sin="month_sin",
        month_cos="month_cos",
    )
    .unique()
    .sort("month")
)
month_names = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]

# Close the ring by repeating the first point so the connecting line wraps.
xs = month_circle["month_cos"].to_list()
ys = month_circle["month_sin"].to_list()
labels = [month_names[m - 1] for m in month_circle["month"].to_list()]

fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=xs + xs[:1],
        y=ys + ys[:1],
        mode="lines",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["slate"], width=1, dash="dot"),
        showlegend=False,
    )
)
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=xs,
        y=ys,
        mode="markers+text",
        marker=dict(color=COLORS["blue"], size=11),
        text=labels,
        textposition="top center",
        showlegend=False,
    )
)
fig.update_layout(
    height=520,
    title="Cyclical encoding places December and January adjacent on the unit circle",
)
fig.update_xaxes(title_text="month_cos", range=[-1.6, 1.6], zeroline=True)
fig.update_yaxes(title_text="month_sin", range=[-1.6, 1.6], zeroline=True, scaleanchor="x")
show_plotly_with_alt(
    fig,
    (
        "A scatter of twelve points arranged evenly around a circle of radius one, "
        "centred on the origin, with faint horizontal and vertical axis lines through "
        "the centre and a dashed line joining consecutive points. The horizontal axis "
        "is labelled month_cos and the vertical month_sin. Each point carries a month "
        "abbreviation: March sits at the top, June at the left, September at the "
        "bottom and December at the right, with the remaining months spaced between "
        "them in calendar order. December and January sit side by side on the ring, "
        "separated by the same gap as any other consecutive pair."
    ),
)

# %% [markdown]
# **Usage**: Calendar features are primarily **state variables** for conditioning.
# For example, momentum signals may behave differently in January (tax-loss selling
# reversal) versus other months. Time-to-event encodings (e.g., days to next
# earnings, days to FOMC) follow the same pattern.
#
# **Note**: Volatility state features (vol ratio, percentile, decile) and
# price-derived regime indicators (variance ratio, fractal efficiency) are
# covered in `01_price_volume_features` since they derive from price data.
# Signal × state interactions and feasibility overlays are in
# `06_robustness_sensitivity`.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Time-to-Event Encoding
#
# Time-to-event measures proximity to a known future event (earnings, FOMC,
# rebalance). The text specifies:
#
# $$d_{t,a} = \min(T_{\text{next}} - t, \; H_{\max})$$
#
# where $T_{\text{next}}$ is the next event date and $H_{\max}$ caps the
# feature to avoid extreme values far from events.

# %% [markdown]
# The earnings calendar below is synthetic, placed a fixed number of days after each
# quarter end. A real system reads filing dates from SEC EDGAR; the point here is the
# encoding, not the dates.

# %%
earnings_dates = []
for symbol in ["AAPL", "MSFT", "GOOGL"]:
    # Quarterly earnings approximately 45 days after quarter end
    for q_end in [
        date(2023, 3, 31),
        date(2023, 6, 30),
        date(2023, 9, 30),
        date(2023, 12, 31),
        date(2024, 3, 31),
        date(2024, 6, 30),
        date(2024, 9, 30),
        date(2024, 12, 31),
    ]:
        ann_date = q_end + timedelta(days=45)
        earnings_dates.append({"symbol": symbol, "earnings_date": ann_date})

earnings_cal = pl.DataFrame(earnings_dates).sort(["symbol", "earnings_date"])

# %%
# Create daily dates and compute time-to-event features
daily = (
    pl.DataFrame(
        {"timestamp": pl.date_range(date(2023, 1, 1), date(2024, 12, 31), "1d", eager=True)}
    )
    # Polars weekday(): Mon=1 .. Sun=7, so <=5 keeps Mon-Fri (business days).
    .filter(pl.col("timestamp").dt.weekday() <= 5)
    .join(pl.DataFrame({"symbol": ["AAPL", "MSFT", "GOOGL"]}), how="cross")
    .sort(["symbol", "timestamp"])
)

# Rolling forward join: for each date, find next earnings date
H_MAX = 63  # Cap at 63 trading days

daily_with_events = daily.join_asof(
    earnings_cal.sort(["symbol", "earnings_date"]),
    left_on="timestamp",
    right_on="earnings_date",
    by="symbol",
    strategy="forward",
).with_columns(
    [
        (pl.col("earnings_date") - pl.col("timestamp"))
        .dt.total_days()
        .clip(0, H_MAX)
        .alias("days_to_earnings"),
    ]
)

# %%
# Bin into pre/post windows
daily_with_events = daily_with_events.with_columns(
    pl.when(pl.col("days_to_earnings") <= 2)
    .then(pl.lit("pre_2d"))
    .when(pl.col("days_to_earnings") <= 5)
    .then(pl.lit("pre_5d"))
    .when(pl.col("days_to_earnings") > H_MAX - 1)
    .then(pl.lit("far"))
    .otherwise(pl.lit("normal"))
    .alias("event_proximity")
)

n_dates = daily_with_events["timestamp"].n_unique()
print(f"Time-to-event features computed for 3 symbols across {n_dates} trading days")

# %% [markdown]
# The feature is a sawtooth: it counts down to zero as an earnings date
# approaches, resets to the `H_MAX` cap the day after (when the next event is
# more than 63 days out; copper dashed line), then counts down again toward the
# following quarter's announcement. The plot shows one symbol across two years.

# %%
saw = daily_with_events.filter(pl.col("symbol") == "AAPL").sort("timestamp")

fig = go.Figure()
fig.add_trace(
    go.Scatter(
        x=saw["timestamp"].to_list(),
        y=saw["days_to_earnings"].to_list(),
        mode="lines",
        line=dict(color=COLORS["blue"], width=1.5),
        name="Days to earnings",
    )
)
fig.add_hline(y=H_MAX, line_dash="dash", line_color=COLORS["copper"])
fig.update_layout(
    height=420,
    title="Days-to-earnings counts down to zero at each announcement, then resets",
    showlegend=False,
)
fig.update_xaxes(title_text="Date")
fig.update_yaxes(title_text="Trading days to next earnings (capped at H_max)")
show_plotly_with_alt(
    fig,
    (
        "A sawtooth line chart across roughly two years, with the vertical axis giving "
        "trading days to the next earnings announcement and a dashed amber horizontal "
        "line marking the cap near the top of the axis. The series rides flat along "
        "that cap, then falls in a straight diagonal to zero at each announcement, "
        "where it jumps vertically back to the cap and begins again. Eight such "
        "descents appear, spaced about a quarter apart, and the final one is still "
        "part-way down at the right edge."
    ),
)

# %% [markdown]
# **Interpretation**: Time-to-event serves as a **state variable**: a label
# that partitions trading days into discrete proximity windows
# (pre-2d, pre-5d, normal, far). These windows feed downstream signal × state
# interactions (see `06_robustness_sensitivity` for the IC-conditioning
# pattern); this notebook covers only the encoding step.

# %% [markdown]
# ## Summary
#
# ### Fundamentals
# - **Value**: Book-to-market, earnings yield, CF yield
# - **Quality**: ROE, ROA, accruals ratio
# - **Alignment**: ASOF join with both frames sorted by `[symbol, date]`
# - **Scaffolding**: Market cap approximation is for teaching only
#
# ### Macro
# - **Publication lag**: Add 30-day lag for monthly data
# - **Forward-fill**: Use filled version for YoY/3m changes
# - **Naming**: Rolling median $\neq$ percentile rank (be precise)
# - **Risk regimes**: VIX thresholds, credit regime from spread levels
#
# ### Calendar
# - **Cyclical encoding**: sin/cos for month, day-of-week, time-to-event
# - **Phase, not outcome**: Encode timing, not post-event realized moves
#
# ### Key Patterns
#
# | Feature Type | Update Freq | Alignment | Use Case |
# |--------------|-------------|-----------|----------|
# | Fundamentals | Quarterly | ASOF by announcement | Factor signals |
# | Macro | Daily/Monthly | Forward-fill + lag | Context, regime |
# | Calendar | Deterministic | Direct encoding | Seasonality |
#
# ### Next Notebooks
#
# - `05_feature_selection`: feature selection and deduplication (§8.6)
# - `06_robustness_sensitivity`: regime conditioning and interactions (§8.6)

```