নলেজ লাইব্রেরি

The document addresses why a euro LIBOR interest-rate swap may calculate floating and fixed interest accruals using different day-count conventions. It attributes the floating leg’s convention to the euro money-market standard, while the fixed leg uses an…

The document explains why common shares can have intrinsic value even when a company currently pays no dividends. Shareholders hold voting rights and a residual claim on a firm’s assets and cash flows, though that claim ranks behind creditors and other…

The document examines how to convert tenor-specific parameters in a multi-factor Cheyette, or quasi-Gaussian, interest-rate model into factor parameters while preserving swap-rate variance. It describes a procedure that first matches the variance and…

The document compares the classical mean–variance portfolio objective with an alternative that penalizes return standard deviation directly. The proposed objective may be easier to interpret because volatility is expressed in the same units as returns. The…

The document addresses whether currency exposure in international portfolios earns compensation for its risk. Its answer characterizes foreign exchange returns as having approximately zero expected return while retaining volatility, suggesting that currency…

The document considers a process with zero drift and proportional Brownian volatility, then asks for the expectation of that process after multiplying it by a deterministic time function and adding another deterministic function. Since the original process…

The document addresses how to discount a payment when the yield curve uses one day-count convention and the instrument uses another. Its central principle is that the discount factor for a given payment date must be the same regardless of how the rate is…

The document explains how a repo can fund a bond position and addresses whether the bond purchase and repo must be simultaneous or use the same counterparty. It describes a repo as collateralized lending: the borrower transfers collateral and agrees to…

The document asks whether dynamically hedging an option exposure with futures can reproduce its payoff without paying an option premium. In an idealized Black–Scholes setting with zero interest rates, continuous rebalancing, and no transaction costs or basis…

The document distinguishes implied volatility from market implied volatility, concluding that the terms generally refer to the same quantity: volatility inferred from observed option prices. It then explains why traders quote options in volatility terms…

The document studies super-replication of a call option in a two-period trinomial model with a risky asset and a zero-rate bond. Each period, the asset can move up, stay unchanged, or move down. Because the market has more possible outcomes than traded…

The discussion considers whether applying stop-loss rules to a diversified stock portfolio can reduce losses during a market crisis. It contrasts a prolonged, relatively orderly decline with a sudden market break. In the former case, stops may trigger as…

The document raises questions about generalized method of moments (GMM) in two-pass asset pricing regressions. In the first pass, time-series regressions estimate asset betas; in the second, a cross-sectional regression uses those betas to estimate factor…

The document describes a planned empirical study of cross-sectional stock momentum using OSEAX constituents over a historical sample. Its proposed strategy ranks assets by past performance over a selected horizon, buys the strongest group, and shorts the…

The document asks how to detect arbitrage in a series of call option prices with a common maturity and different strikes. It proposes checking familiar static relationships, including butterfly arbitrage and monotonicity of call prices with respect to…

The document considers a Black–Scholes asset that pays known proportional dividends at discrete dates. Between payment dates, the asset follows the standard diffusion, while each dividend causes an immediate proportional price reduction. The author gives a…

The document explains how a zero-coupon bond price can be derived when the short rate follows a stochastic process, and how the bond’s market price of risk relates to pricing. It first applies Itô’s lemma to a bond price that depends on the short rate, then…

The document asks how the size and frequency of bond trades affect subsequent bid–ask spreads. It frames the problem as a market microstructure question: trading can change liquidity, supply and demand, and sentiment, while the size of the effect is…

The document explains why a yen-based investor’s cost of hedging a dollar asset is connected to interest rates and forward exchange pricing. It describes using a cross-currency swap to exchange dollar interest payments for yen interest payments and lock in a…

The document considers a payoff equal to one stock’s terminal price when a second stock finishes above a strike. The stocks follow correlated geometric Brownian dynamics, with their correlation represented by a shared Brownian motion, and the risk-free rate…

The document explains the standard time-scaling rule for continuously compounded stock returns. Under a Brownian-motion model with independent return increments, the variance accumulated over a horizon is the sum of the variances of its increments. Variance…

The document compares two ways to value an investment whose expected cash flows grow exponentially. Strict present value discounts each future flow at the risky project rate from its payment date back to today. The alternative first values the stream at the…

The document addresses how to calculate value at risk for a dollar-neutral long-short position in two correlated stocks. Its central correction is that dollar neutrality does not eliminate risk: the long and short positions are exposures to different assets,…

The document explains how to calculate an interest rate swap’s bucketed delta in rateslib when the available market inputs are zero rates rather than quoted calibration swaps. It treats zero-rate observations as pseudo-instruments that calibrate the curve…