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How Leveraged ETFs Use Total Return Swaps and Rebalance Daily

Article Quant Q&A · Author: option_vol
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Summary

The document explains a leveraged ETF structure using an unleveraged basket plus a total return swap (TRS). The fund holds index exposure directly and receives additional index returns through the swap, while paying the dealer a financing rate such as LIBOR plus a spread. The dealer sources the matching market risk, for example by buying an unleveraged index fund, and provides leverage by holding that exposure on its balance sheet.

The financing cost is reflected in the ETF’s performance, so returns can fall short of the leverage multiple applied to the index return. Daily rebalancing adjusts the swap notional to keep the target leverage after market moves and fund creations or redemptions. The explanation is a simplified account of one possible structure; actual funds may use different instruments and counterparties, and their costs and mechanics can vary.

Key ideas

  • A leveraged ETF can combine direct index holdings with additional exposure received through a total return swap.
  • The swap counterparty receives financing and sources the underlying market risk it promises to deliver.
  • Financing charges reduce fund performance relative to a simple multiple of index returns.
  • Daily rebalancing adjusts exposure to maintain the target leverage as asset values and fund shares change.

Tags

EquitiesDerivatives pricingRisk management
Full text
# TRS and leveraged etf


# TRS and leveraged etf












To get the leveraged return of an index daily, leveraged ETF uses TRS to get that leveraged. Yet I don't really understand how it is used and who is the counterparty of that TRS.

So, first you have the ETF sponsor who is buying an amount $A$ of the underlying basket of securities to reproduce the index. Then to get the leverage it buys a TRS with Notional value $L * A$ where $L$ is the leverage factor such it pays the counterparty Libor + spread in exchange for the return of the index on that day.

But what I don't get is why Libor + spread is not reflected in the leveraged ETF? The share should be affected by the fact that the ETF sponsor is paying an interest in exchange for the return of the index no?

Also people says that the Leverage ETF needs to rebalance daily, but why since the TRS is just a notional in dollars (you just need to put more money on the notional or less at the end of each day but it's not related to the securities)? Or is the TRS backed up by the basket of securities?

## Answer by AlRacoon (score 4)

https://quant.stackexchange.com/a/79046

First, there must exist an un-levered version of the ETF or another index product, the constituents of the index are known and tradable, or an options market for the index, or other source of risk of the index exposure. The dealer that is paying the index total return on the TRS must be able to source the risk and will use one of these vehicles/market. For simplicity, let's say an un-levered version of the fund exists.

A broker/dealer/bank is the counterparty on the TRS that will be the total return PAYER of the index AND RECEIVER of the interest (LIBOR + spd). On a TRS, one is paying the dealer to put the asset on their balance sheet, thereby providing the leverage (loan) to the ETF.

Let's assume that L=2 in your product. When the ETF receives an investment into the fund, as you say, they can buy index constituents and get 1x A exposure to the index. They then get another 1x A exposure via a TRS with a dealer to RECEIVE total return and PAY financing (LIBOR + spd). The dealer will in turn buy the A exposure to the unlevered index fund as the source of the risk from which they will pay the return of the index. As the asset is paid for by the dealer and put on their balance sheet, they will charge the ETF interest on the amount used to purchase the asset (LIBOR +spd).

The financing (LIBOR + spd) is embedded in the performance of the levered ETF as it is paying this to the TRS counterparty. You should see that levered versions of the index ETF are underperforming L times the index by this financing charge on the levered portion of the ETF.

The reason why the levered ETF needs to be rebalanced daily is as an exchange traded fund, it will be bought and sold throughout a trading day. At the end of the day, there will be a net BUY or SELL of the ETF, requiring a net creation or redemption of the ETF. The ETF sponsor or authorized participant will need to buy or sell the index depending on the net of the purchases and sales to create or redeem the net units of the ETF. They will also need to adjust exposure on leveraged portion of the ETF by adjusting the notional on the TRS to maintain the leverage ratio. (The dealer/counterparty on the TRS will in turn adjust their exposure/risk source to the underlying index as well.)

Shown in full with attribution under the source's licence. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (Stack Exchange)

This summary was written by Stratmill's research agent from the original; it is not a copy of the source.