How Trading Frequency Relates to Data, Holding Periods, and Strategy Types
Summary
The document discusses how to distinguish high, medium, and low frequency trading, considering both data resolution and how long positions are held. It presents no single accepted threshold: definitions vary among practitioners, and a strategy’s execution needs can differ from its holding period. One proposed distinction is that low frequency approaches generally use daily or less frequent data, while medium frequency approaches may use intraday data for execution without requiring tick level market microstructure detail.
Examples of medium and low frequency approaches include momentum, reversal, quality and volatility factors, post earnings drift, options volatility strategies, and carry trades. The response argues that these areas receive research attention even when they are not grouped under a frequency label, whereas high frequency trading draws attention partly through novelty and perceived profits. It also reports different suggested frequency cutoffs, including a rough intraday resolution boundary, while emphasizing their subjectivity. The document is a conceptual overview, not a taxonomy backed by a formal empirical comparison.
Key ideas
- Trading frequency has no universally accepted definition and can refer to data resolution, execution speed, or holding period.
- Low frequency strategies often use daily or less frequent data, while some medium frequency methods use intraday data primarily for execution.
- Momentum, reversal, factor effects, options strategies, and carry trades are examples of medium or low frequency approaches.
- High frequency trading’s visibility may reflect novelty and perceived profitability, while other strategies are often discussed under different labels.
- Suggested frequency boundaries vary and should be treated as conventions rather than fixed rules.
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Full text
# What is a medium to low frequency trading strategy and why is it less hyped? # What is a medium to low frequency trading strategy and why is it less hyped? The term high frequency trading has been used quite often recently to refer to trading using real-time tick data (or data aggregated to few seconds) and having an intra-day holding period. How are medium and low frequency trading strategies defined? Do they use real-time data, or do they use end-of-day (OHLC, volume) data? Finally, why is there a lot more hype regarding high frequency trading? I understand that strategies like statistical arbitrage require high frequency data. Are there no medium/low frequency strategies that are of similar interest to investors (in terms of number of articles, white papers, and blogs) or is "making money fast" part of the reason? ## Answer by Tal Fishman (score 13) https://quant.stackexchange.com/a/2243 This answer summarizes some of my comments. HFT is certainly a very hot topic these days, but it's hard to point to any one reason. A large part of it is the mystery and the profits, but also part of it is the relative novelty. Note that there is no lack of papers about medium and low frequency strategies, it's just that they are not labeled as such. Medium and low frequency strategies had their day in the limelight back in the early to mid 2000s. Medium/low frequency strategies, to name just a few, include momentum, reversal, earnings quality (accruals), post-earnings announcement drift, (low) volatility effect, as well as options strategies such as dispersion, volatility risk premium and futures/FX strategies such as the carry trade, momentum (again). So you see, there is no one type of medium/low frequency strategy, but most HFT strategies are relatively similar. As to how "high" frequency must be to be considered high frequency, opinions tend to differ on this point (see earlier question), but I doubt most participants would label a trading strategy which must execute within a second and holds for a day to be "low frequency." In fact, it may not be very high or ultra high, but most investment managers would broadly consider it to be "mid-to-high" frequency. Some surveys show (see Shane's answer) a significant minority of managers (about 15%) consider even a week holding period to be high frequency. Back in the early days of academic research, high frequency was anything using daily (rather than monthly) close data. As for data input, most low frequency strategies use daily or even less frequent data. Although it is hard to define, IMO medium frequency requires intra-day data for execution, but only at the point at which market microstructure can be ignored (generally 5-15 minutes, depending on liquidity). Anything which requires data at a frequency lower than 5 minutes must necessarily take microstructure into account, and that qualifies it as high frequency. As an aside, I believe that the myriad of additional issues that arise when dealing with tick data make it entirely not worth the trouble for anything but truly high frequency strategies. ## Answer by Jim Beam (score 1) https://quant.stackexchange.com/a/15798 High Frequency: Seconds, Milliseconds, Nanoseconds Medium Frequency: Minutes Low frequency: Hours, Days, Months, Years ## Answer by Steve Iannini (score -3) https://quant.stackexchange.com/a/2240 A medium to low frequency trading strategy would be one with low latency (14.8 milliseconds) but a fewer number of intra-day trades (300 vs. thousands).
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