Hull Moving Average Crossover Strategy for Gold Futures
Article Strategy library · Author: Chaos
Summary
This Python example describes a daily gold futures strategy using short- and long-period Hull moving averages (HMA). It enters long when the short HMA crosses above the long HMA while price is above the long HMA, and enters short on the opposite crossover when price is below it. The strategy uses average true range (ATR) to set an initial stop, then adjusts the stop using the short HMA; it also closes positions on an opposing crossover or a fixed percentage profit target.
The document provides code and a specified backtest interval, but no performance results, benchmark, or analysis of costs. Several settings are declared but not used, including the ATR take-profit multiple and trailing-profit parameters. The fixed stop calculation also applies the ATR multiplier directly to entry price, rather than to ATR, so the code's stop behavior does not consistently match its stated ATR-based design. Treat this as an illustrative implementation that needs review and testing before drawing conclusions.
Key ideas
- The strategy uses short- and long-period Hull moving average crossovers to generate directional signals.
- Long and short entries also require price to be on the corresponding side of the long-period average.
- ATR informs an initial stop, while a short-HMA-based rule updates the stop during a position.
- Opposing crossovers and fixed percentage profit targets can close positions.
- Some declared settings are unused, and the fixed stop formula warrants review.
Tags
Full text
# hull
# hull
## Source (Apache-2.0)
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
__author__ = "Chaos"
from datetime import date
import numpy as np
from tqsdk import TqApi, TqAuth, TqBacktest, TargetPosTask, BacktestFinished
from tqsdk.ta import ATR
# ===== 全局参数设置 =====
SYMBOL = "SHFE.au2306" # 黄金期货合约
POSITION_SIZE = 30 # 单次交易手数
START_DATE = date(2022, 11, 1) # 回测开始日期
END_DATE = date(2023, 4, 1) # 回测结束日期
# Hull Moving Average 参数
LONG_HMA_PERIOD = 30 # 长周期HMA，用于确定大趋势
SHORT_HMA_PERIOD = 5 # 短周期HMA，用于入场信号
# 止损止盈参数
ATR_PERIOD = 14 # ATR计算周期
STOP_LOSS_ATR = 2.0 # 止损为入场点的2倍ATR
TAKE_PROFIT_ATR = 4.0 # 获利为入场点的4倍ATR
TRAILING_STOP = True # 使用移动止损
# 新增止盈参数
FIXED_TAKE_PROFIT_PCT = 0.03 # 固定止盈比例（3%）
USE_TRAILING_PROFIT = True # 是否使用追踪止盈
TRAILING_PROFIT_THRESHOLD = 0.02 # 触发追踪止盈的收益率阈值（2%）
TRAILING_PROFIT_STEP = 0.005 # 追踪止盈回撤幅度（0.5%）
# ===== 全局变量 =====
current_direction = 0 # 当前持仓方向：1=多头，-1=空头，0=空仓
entry_price = 0 # 开仓价格
stop_loss_price = 0 # 止损价格
take_profit_price = 0 # 止盈价格
highest_since_entry = 0 # 入场后的最高价（用于多头追踪止盈）
lowest_since_entry = 0 # 入场后的最低价（用于空头追踪止盈）
# ===== Hull移动平均线相关函数 =====
def wma(series, period):
"""计算加权移动平均线"""
weights = np.arange(1, period + 1)
return series.rolling(period).apply(lambda x: np.sum(weights * x) / weights.sum(), raw=True)
def hma(series, period):
"""计算Hull移动平均线"""
period = int(period)
if period < 3:
return series
half_period = period // 2
sqrt_period = int(np.sqrt(period))
wma1 = wma(series, half_period)
wma2 = wma(series, period)
raw_hma = 2 * wma1 - wma2
return wma(raw_hma, sqrt_period)
# ===== 策略开始 =====
print("开始运行Hull移动平均线期货策略...")
# 创建API实例
api = TqApi(backtest=TqBacktest(start_dt=START_DATE, end_dt=END_DATE),
auth=TqAuth("快期账户", "快期密码"))
# 订阅合约的K线数据
klines = api.get_kline_serial(SYMBOL, 60 * 60 * 24)
# 创建目标持仓任务
target_pos = TargetPosTask(api, SYMBOL)
try:
while True:
# 等待更新
api.wait_update()
# 如果K线有更新
if api.is_changing(klines.iloc[-1], "datetime"):
# 确保有足够的数据计算指标
if len(klines) < max(SHORT_HMA_PERIOD, LONG_HMA_PERIOD, ATR_PERIOD) + 10:
continue
# 计算短期和长期HMA
klines['short_hma'] = hma(klines.close, SHORT_HMA_PERIOD)
klines['long_hma'] = hma(klines.close, LONG_HMA_PERIOD)
# 计算ATR用于止损设置
atr_data = ATR(klines, ATR_PERIOD)
# 获取最新数据
current_price = float(klines.close.iloc[-1])
current_short_hma = float(klines.short_hma.iloc[-1])
current_long_hma = float(klines.long_hma.iloc[-1])
current_atr = float(atr_data.atr.iloc[-1])
# 获取前一个周期的数据
prev_short_hma = float(klines.short_hma.iloc[-2])
prev_long_hma = float(klines.long_hma.iloc[-2])
# 输出调试信息
print(f"价格: {current_price}, 短期HMA: {current_short_hma:.2f}, 长期HMA: {current_long_hma:.2f}")
# ===== 交易逻辑 =====
# 空仓状态 - 寻找开仓机会
if current_direction == 0:
# 多头开仓条件
if (prev_short_hma <= prev_long_hma and current_short_hma > current_long_hma
and current_price > current_long_hma):
print(f"多头开仓信号: 短期HMA上穿长期HMA")
# 设置持仓和记录开仓价格
current_direction = 1
target_pos.set_target_volume(POSITION_SIZE)
entry_price = current_price
# 设置止损价格
stop_loss_price = current_long_hma - STOP_LOSS_ATR * current_atr
# 设置止盈价格
take_profit_price = entry_price * (1 + FIXED_TAKE_PROFIT_PCT)
# 重置追踪止盈变量
highest_since_entry = entry_price
print(f"多头开仓价格: {entry_price}, 止损: {stop_loss_price:.2f}, 止盈: {take_profit_price:.2f}")
# 空头开仓条件
elif (prev_short_hma >= prev_long_hma and current_short_hma < current_long_hma
and current_price < current_long_hma):
print(f"空头开仓信号: 短期HMA下穿长期HMA")
# 设置持仓和记录开仓价格
current_direction = -1
target_pos.set_target_volume(-POSITION_SIZE)
entry_price = current_price
# 设置止损价格
stop_loss_price = current_long_hma + STOP_LOSS_ATR * current_atr
# 设置止盈价格
take_profit_price = entry_price * (1 - FIXED_TAKE_PROFIT_PCT)
# 重置追踪止盈变量
lowest_since_entry = entry_price
print(f"空头开仓价格: {entry_price}, 止损: {stop_loss_price:.2f}, 止盈: {take_profit_price:.2f}")
# 多头持仓 - 检查平仓条件
elif current_direction == 1:
# 更新入场后的最高价
if current_price > highest_since_entry:
highest_since_entry = current_price
# 计算固定止损
fixed_stop_loss = entry_price * (1 - STOP_LOSS_ATR)
# 更新追踪止损（只上移不下移）
new_stop = current_short_hma - STOP_LOSS_ATR * current_atr
if new_stop > stop_loss_price:
stop_loss_price = new_stop
print(f"更新多头止损: {stop_loss_price:.2f}")
# 平仓条件1: 短期HMA下穿长期HMA
if prev_short_hma >= prev_long_hma and current_short_hma < current_long_hma:
profit_pct = (current_price - entry_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"多头平仓: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
# 平仓条件2: 价格跌破止损
elif current_price < stop_loss_price or current_price < fixed_stop_loss:
profit_pct = (current_price - entry_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"多头止损: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
# 平仓条件3: 价格达到止盈价格
elif current_price >= take_profit_price:
profit_pct = (current_price - entry_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"多头止盈: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
# 空头持仓 - 检查平仓条件
elif current_direction == -1:
# 更新入场后的最低价
if current_price < lowest_since_entry or lowest_since_entry == 0:
lowest_since_entry = current_price
# 计算固定止损
fixed_stop_loss = entry_price * (1 + STOP_LOSS_ATR)
# 更新追踪止损（只下移不上移）
new_stop = current_short_hma + STOP_LOSS_ATR * current_atr
if new_stop < stop_loss_price or stop_loss_price == 0:
stop_loss_price = new_stop
print(f"更新空头止损: {stop_loss_price:.2f}")
# 平仓条件1: 短期HMA上穿长期HMA
if prev_short_hma <= prev_long_hma and current_short_hma > current_long_hma:
profit_pct = (entry_price - current_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"空头平仓: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
# 平仓条件2: 价格突破止损
elif current_price > stop_loss_price or current_price > fixed_stop_loss:
profit_pct = (entry_price - current_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"空头止损: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
# 平仓条件3: 价格达到止盈价格
elif current_price <= take_profit_price:
profit_pct = (entry_price - current_price) / entry_price * 100
target_pos.set_target_volume(0)
current_direction = 0
print(f"空头止盈: 价格={current_price}, 盈亏={profit_pct:.2f}%")
except BacktestFinished as e:
print("回测结束")
api.close()
```Shown in full with attribution under the source's licence. Licence: Apache-2.0
This summary was written by Stratmill's research agent from the original; it is not a copy of the source.