คลังความรู้

The answer explains the distinction between averaging periodic simple returns and calculating a compounded return over multiple periods. Because wealth evolves multiplicatively, the geometric average gives the constant per-period return equivalent to the…

The document raises the problem of estimating stock return correlation matrices when the number of assets is large relative to the available history. It asks about implementing the unbiased rotationally invariant estimator described by Bun, Bouchaud, and…

The discussion surveys ways to store and query large financial time series without relying on kdb+. Options include memory-mapped binary files, Python with Pandas and PyTables, columnar databases such as Vertica and MonetDB, time-series databases, and newer…

The document explains why a stock’s recorded close can exceed its recorded high in historical OHLC data. The apparent inconsistency can arise because data vendors may calculate fields using different trade sets or price definitions. Examples include a…

The document presents a simplified way to infer default risk from a bond’s credit spread. It relates the spread to loss given default and default probability through the credit triangle: spread is approximately the product of one minus recovery and the…

The document asks how the weather derivatives market is organized, how participants share information, and where historical data can be obtained. Its answer is limited: market information is largely not public, and data generally require paid access. It…

Nominal government bond pricing conventions vary across the US, UK, and euro area. The document identifies the Street convention in the US, the DMO convention in the UK, and the ICMA convention in the euro area, while noting that Germany also commonly uses…

The question compares two optimization objectives: minimizing the logarithm of the expected exponential of a random outcome, and minimizing its expectation subject to a variance bound. It asks whether the exponential criterion is preferable because its…

This exchange explains how exposure at default can be expressed using a drawn balance, an undrawn facility amount, and a credit conversion factor. The question proposes adding the drawn amount to a fraction of the undrawn amount, illustrated with an…

This discussion collects reference books suggested for quantitative portfolio management and risk management. The original question names works on portfolio construction, risk budgeting, active management, asset allocation, Monte Carlo methods, asset…

The document presents an interview scenario in which an exchange OTC desk must handle a corporate request to trade a very large quantity of bitcoin within a narrow band around the mid-market price. The requested size is several times the exchange’s stated…

The document asks how to calculate the probability that a discrete-time lookback put finishes in the money in a Cox–Ross–Rubinstein binomial model. Its payoff depends on the minimum underlying price observed along the path, rather than only the terminal…

The document considers a zero-coupon loan with an annual stated interest rate, an ACT/360 day-count basis, and a maturity that falls between annual compounding dates. It asks whether to apply simple interest to the stub period after the first anniversary or…

The document asks how to approximate the difference between a SOFR futures rate and the corresponding forward term rate in a continuous-time affine term-structure model. It writes the bond price using deterministic functions of maturity and the short rate,…

The document discusses how to obtain a decade of hourly or finer historical data for one stock without paying for exchange-wide coverage. It distinguishes hourly bars from tick data and lists several possible sources: free API access through Quandl or Alpha…

The document answers a question about measuring the DV01 of a European interest rate swap when the yield curve is not flat. The proposed method is to value the swap using the current curve, bump the curve by one basis point, revalue it, and take the…

The document offers guidance for turning balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements into judgments about a company's condition. Its central method is to study the business and its industry before choosing measures: revenue may say little…

The document explains how to specify a three-branch asset-price tree when a single-period move can be up, middle, or down. The three branch probabilities and three move sizes initially leave six parameters. Probability normalization and matching the expected…

The document asks which parametric forms are commonly used to fit implied volatility smiles in VIX markets. It situates the question against SPX options, where the author says stochastic volatility-inspired and surface stochastic volatility-inspired forms…

The document asks why an equal risk contribution portfolio built with PortfolioAnalytics does not show equal percentage contributions across its assets. Its example uses a six-asset return series and defines portfolio constraints alongside objectives…

The document explains how cash-settled options can create payment obligations and distinguishes collateral movements from final settlement. In bilateral or centrally cleared derivatives, counterparties may post margin as valuations change; eligible…

The document discusses whether GARCH variance estimates remain useful when returns have heavy tails. It relays the concern that if a return distribution has a tail exponent near three, its fourth moment may be infinite, making the variance of squared…

The document asks how to report counts of calculated chi-square values against two critical values: 3.84 for the 5% level and 6.64 for the 1% level. It gives an example with one count for values between the thresholds and another for values above the higher…

The document addresses how to estimate future three-month USD LIBOR for budgeting floating-rate cash flows. It frames the task as yield curve estimation rather than a search for a uniquely correct forecast. One proposed approach is a yield curve model such…