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The document explains how optimistic rollups aim to increase Ethereum throughput while retaining Ethereum’s security and avoiding the higher node costs associated with simply enlarging or accelerating blocks. A sequencer executes transactions off-chain and…

The document introduces Ress, a stateless Ethereum execution client built on Reth. Instead of keeping the full account and contract state, a stateless node receives state witnesses from peers, checks them against the prior state commitment, and executes…

The document explains Variable Rate Gradual Dutch Auctions (VRGDAs), a mechanism for selling tokens or NFTs near a chosen issuance schedule while allowing purchases at any time. Prices rise when sales run ahead of the target and fall when sales lag,…

The document proposes Provable Address-Control Timestamps (PACTs) as a way for Bitcoin holders to preserve a possible route to spend from addresses that might later be disabled because quantum computers can derive their exposed public keys. The concern is…

The analysis explains EIP-1559’s proposed fee mechanism and evaluates it against goals that include simpler fee estimation, flexible block capacity, network security, and keeping transaction fees denominated in Ether. Users pay a protocol-set base fee that…

The document explains maximal extractable value (MEV) in Ethereum and describes the post-Merge block production chain. Searchers identify arbitrage, liquidation, and other transaction-ordering opportunities, then submit bundles to competing builders.…

This policy research tutorial outlines risks in fiat-backed stablecoins and explains what public blockchain data can reveal about them. It describes potential deposit shifts into stablecoins, redemption runs, liquidity and operational problems, and the…

The document presents power perpetuals as a common framework for understanding several DeFi instruments. A power perp tracks an index price raised to an exponent, with collateralized positions maintained above a minimum collateral ratio and funding payments…

The document develops pm-AMM, an automated market maker designed for binary prediction market tokens. It models token prices with Gaussian score dynamics: the event price tracks the probability that an underlying random walk finishes above a threshold.…

Artemis is an open-source Rust framework for building bots that identify and execute maximal extractable value (MEV) opportunities. It aims to lower the effort for new searchers by providing reusable components, and to help protocols attract keepers through…

The article analyzes whether liquidity providers in a cash and risky-asset pool can outperform a static, unrebalanced portfolio when every trade is an arbitrage trade. Its model treats the risky asset as moving randomly and compares long-run compounded…

The article explains a Geth bug in Ethereum uncle validation that could have caused different clients to disagree about a block’s validity. Ethereum can include certain non-canonical blocks, called uncles, subject to validation rules. Unlike ordinary blocks,…

The Constant Rate Issuance Sales Protocol (CRISP) is a pricing mechanism for selling an ongoing supply of NFTs at a target pace. It tracks recent sales with an exponential moving sum (EMS), a recency-weighted measure that can be updated without storing a…

The document presents Paradigm’s objections to a proposed SEC rule that would expand the definition of an exchange to cover crypto trading platforms, including decentralized exchanges. It argues that the Exchange Act applies to intermediaries operated by an…

The document proposes quantum markets as a way to compare many proposals without requiring traders to supply fresh capital for each one. Participants deposit funds and receive equivalent trading credits across proposal markets tied to one decision. Each…

This article applies an investor’s due diligence approach to choosing a Web3 employer. It argues that candidates can examine publicly available on-chain activity and business indicators, such as active wallets, transactions, growth, revenue, and retention,…

This article explains design choices in the Art Gobblers NFT contracts, which combine a custom utility token, emission multipliers, and a long-running mint. To reduce transaction costs, the developers pack token ownership, user balances, and emission data…

The article separates Ethereum’s scaling pressures into state growth, history growth, and state access, then maps each to node requirements such as storage capacity, memory, network bandwidth, and storage input/output. It examines the composition and growth…

The document explains how DAO founders can choose a legal structure by considering the project’s activities, potential liability and taxes, membership size and fluidity, governance, US connections, and available resources. It outlines options including…

The document summarizes a review of 63 blockchain-related experiments led by G20 central banks. It reports that 47% of the sampled projects were compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine, across areas including central bank digital currencies,…

The letter responds to a proposed FinCEN rule that would require reporting transactions associated with a broadly defined category of virtual currency mixing. It accepts that illicit actors can misuse crypto, but argues that the proposal targets…

The document explains moneyness as an instrument’s position in a hierarchy of settlement claims. Central bank cash and reserves sit above commercial bank deposits, while securities and shadow banking involve more layers of credit promises. Deposit insurance…

The document outlines proposed U.S. tax changes for digital assets, dividing them between congressional legislation and IRS guidance. Legislative priorities include taxing staking rewards when sold, creating a trading safe harbor for foreign investors,…

The document explains how proof-of-stake collateral and validator infrastructure can be reused to secure additional protocols, a model it calls shared security or restaking. It presents Symbiotic as a coordination layer in which network developers choose…