Modelos de factores latentes de ETF: supuestos y cobertura

# ETFs: what the latent-factor family is, and who publishes what


# ETFs: what the latent-factor family is, and who publishes what

The three modelling notebooks before this one predicted the return from the feature row
directly. [`06_linear`](06_linear.ipynb) gave each column a coefficient,
[`07_gbm`](07_gbm.ipynb) split on them, [`08_tabular_dl`](08_tabular_dl.ipynb) mixed them in a
hidden layer, and they differ only in the shape of the function they may write down.

The latent-factor family starts somewhere else. It supposes the hundred funds move together
along a handful of common directions, and treats a feature as evidence about **how exposed a
fund is to them** rather than about its return. What gets estimated is a map from features to
exposures, shared by every fund and every date, so it is fitted on the whole panel instead of one
cross-section at a time.

Five members are declared, and they are **one baseline and two pairs, not five points on one
axis**:

| notebook | model | what it assumes |
|---|---|---|
| [`11a_pca`](11a_pca.ipynb) | principal components | the return panel alone; reads no features |
| [`11b_ipca`](11b_ipca.ipynb) | instrumented PCA | exposures are a **linear** function of the features |
| [`11c_conditional_autoencoder`](11c_conditional_autoencoder.ipynb) | conditional autoencoder | same structure, the map is a **network** |
| [`11d_stochastic_discount_factor`](11d_stochastic_discount_factor.ipynb) | stochastic discount factor | no two-stage split: prices the cross-section directly |
| [`11e_supervised_autoencoder`](11e_supervised_autoencoder.ipynb) | supervised autoencoder | no two-stage split: predicts the return directly, keeping only the bottleneck |

`11a` is the bar rather than a rung: it conditions on nothing, so what the four conditioned
members beat it by is what conditioning bought. It is available here only because an ETF is the
same fund throughout the sample, which [`11a_pca`](11a_pca.ipynb) sets out - a panel whose
members enter and leave cannot support it, and the runner refuses it there.

The first pair differs in the shape of one function, which is what makes those two worth reading
against each other. The second pair breaks the two-stage shape from opposite ends - one because
it prices, one because it predicts - and `11e` is the only member fitted without the family's
central assumption at all: it keeps a low-dimensional bottleneck and drops the factor
interpretation. It is not a controlled comparison with `11c`, whose network it does not share.

**Learning objectives**

- Say what the family asserts that the direct predictors do not.
- Read a family whose members are split across notebooks as one declared population.
- Check that the notebooks that exist cover the menu that is declared.
- Say why five members that share a menu cannot share a population.

**Book reference**: Chapter 14, Sections 14.5 to 14.7 (bridging economics and statistics,
the conditional autoencoder, and the stochastic discount factor and supervised autoencoder).
Chapter 13, Section 13.3 covers the return-panel PCA that `11a` publishes.

**Prerequisites**: [`03_financial_features`](03_financial_features.ipynb) and
[`04_model_based_features`](04_model_based_features.ipynb) for the feature matrix, and
[`05_evaluation`](05_evaluation.ipynb) for the walk-forward folds.

**What it writes**: nothing. This notebook fits no model, registers no run and opens no holdout.
All five notebooks it points at are on the research boundary and each publishes its own
population, which section 3 reads out of the sources rather than asserting here.
[`13_model_analysis`](13_model_analysis.ipynb) is where they are compared against the other
families.

```python
"""Index and coverage check for the ETF latent-factor family."""

import ast
import re
from pathlib import Path

import polars as pl
import yaml

from case_studies.research import declared_labels, load_model_configs, open_study
from utils.paths import REPO_ROOT
```

```python
EXECUTION_TIER = "canonical"
WORKSPACE: str = ""
```

```python
study = open_study("etfs", execution_tier=EXECUTION_TIER, workspace=WORKSPACE or None)
```

## 1. The declared menu

`config/training/{label}.yaml` lists the family's members for each label, and every declared
label declares the same five. That is the population the five execution notebooks are between
them responsible for.

```python
declared_labels(study, "latent_factors")
```

```python
menu = load_model_configs(study, "latent_factors")
menu
```

## 2. Which notebook claims which member

The menu says what must be produced; it does not say by whom. The family is split across five
notebooks, each publishing one model under its own population name, so the mapping between the
two lives in the notebooks and is read back here rather than restated.

**A member the menu declares and no notebook claims publishes nothing, and nothing else would
catch it**: each execution notebook checks the labels it covers against its own declared rows, so
none of them can see a model that no notebook requests at all. That is what this cell is for.

```python
# The repository, not `get_case_study_dir`. That helper answers "where does this case study read
# and write its data", which `ML4T_OUTPUT_DIR` redirects to an isolated root - correct for labels,
# features and the run log, and wrong here: the notebooks are source, they live where the source
# lives, and under a redirect the glob below would find none of them and report every declared
# member as unclaimed.
NOTEBOOK_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "case_studies" / "etfs"


def claimed_model(path: Path) -> str:
    """Return the model a latent-factor execution notebook publishes.

    Read from the notebook's own `MODEL_NAME` binding rather than from a list kept here. A list
    would be a second declaration of the same fact, and the failure it invites is the one this
    cell exists to detect: it would keep agreeing with itself after a notebook changed.
    """
    tree = ast.parse(path.read_text())
    for node in ast.walk(tree):
        if isinstance(node, ast.Assign) and any(
            isinstance(target, ast.Name) and target.id == "MODEL_NAME" for target in node.targets
        ):
            return ast.literal_eval(node.value)
    raise ValueError(f"{path.name} binds no MODEL_NAME")


notebooks = sorted(NOTEBOOK_DIR.glob("11[a-z]_*.py"))
if not notebooks:
    raise RuntimeError(f"no latent-factor execution notebooks under {NOTEBOOK_DIR}")
claims = pl.DataFrame(
    {
        "notebook": [path.stem for path in notebooks],
        "config_name": [claimed_model(path) for path in notebooks],
    }
).sort("config_name")
claims
```

```python
declared_models = set(menu.get_column("config_name"))
claimed = claims.get_column("config_name").to_list()
if len(claimed) != len(set(claimed)):
    raise RuntimeError(f"two notebooks claim the same latent-factor model: {sorted(claimed)}")
if set(claimed) != declared_models:
    raise RuntimeError(
        "the latent-factor notebooks do not cover the declared menu; "
        f"unclaimed {sorted(declared_models - set(claimed))}, "
        f"undeclared {sorted(set(claimed) - declared_models)}"
    )
print(f"{len(declared_models)} declared members, each claimed by exactly one notebook")
```

## 3. What each one costs to publish

The number of prediction sets a member contributes is its labels times its checkpoints, and the
checkpoints come from how the estimator is trained rather than from a shared setting. PCA and
IPCA solve to completion and have one state per fold; the two autoencoders train for a declared
epoch budget and save at a declared interval; the stochastic discount factor trains in phases and
saves at a declared list of cumulative epochs.

The schedule below is read out of each estimator's own configuration, so it is the declaration
and not a copy of one. The authoritative count is the `checkpoints` column in each notebook's own
resolved plan, which is derived from these fields and printed before that notebook fits anything.

```python
CONFIG_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "case_studies" / "config"
SCHEDULE_KEYS = ("n_epochs", "checkpoint_interval", "checkpoint_epochs")


def declared_schedule(name: str) -> str:
    """Summarise the checkpoint schedule an estimator's configuration declares."""
    config = yaml.safe_load((CONFIG_DIR / name / f"{name}.yaml").read_text())
    declared = {key: config[key] for key in SCHEDULE_KEYS if key in config}
    return ", ".join(f"{key}={value}" for key, value in declared.items()) or "none declared"


labels = declared_labels(study, "latent_factors")
notebook_for = dict(zip(claims.get_column("config_name"), claims.get_column("notebook")))


def publishes_population(tree: ast.Module) -> bool:
    """Whether a notebook calls `run_model_population`, and so publishes a population.

    Walked out of the parsed source for the same reason `claimed_model` above parses rather than
    pattern-matches: four of these five notebooks carry the call inside the commented "Running
    configurations of your own" block, so a substring test over the text answers yes for a
    notebook that never executes it. That the classification is right today is an accident of
    which notebook happens to lack that comment.
    """
    return any(
        isinstance(node, ast.Call)
        and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name)
        and node.func.id == "run_model_population"
        for node in ast.walk(tree)
    )


def published_population(source: str, tree: ast.Module, name: str) -> str:
    """Return the population name a member's notebook publishes, read from that notebook.

    Assembling `etfs-{name}-validation-v1` here would name a population for every declared member,
    including one whose notebook publishes none - a name the reader would look for in the registry
    and not find. The default is read from the assignment that produces it instead.
    """
    if not publishes_population(tree):
        return "none - publishes no population"
    default = re.search(r'population_name = POPULATION_NAME or f"([^"]+)"', source)
    if default is None:
        raise ValueError(f"{notebook_for[name]}.py publishes a population under no readable name")
    return default.group(1).replace("{MODEL_NAME}", name)


def label_coverage(tree: ast.Module) -> str:
    """How many of the declared labels the member's notebook fits.

    A migrated notebook resolves the declared menu and raises if a label it declared is missing, so
    it fits all of them. A notebook that publishes no population is on a runner that takes one
    primary label and a variant cap instead, so the count is not the menu's and is reported as
    what it is rather than as a number. No member is on that path today; the branch stays because
    the classification is read from the sources rather than declared here.
    """
    return str(len(labels)) if publishes_population(tree) else "primary only"


members = sorted(declared_models)
sources = {name: (NOTEBOOK_DIR / f"{notebook_for[name]}.py").read_text() for name in members}
trees = {name: ast.parse(source) for name, source in sources.items()}
pl.DataFrame(
    {
        "config_name": members,
        "labels": [label_coverage(trees[name]) for name in members],
        "schedule declared": [declared_schedule(name) for name in members],
        "population": [published_population(sources[name], trees[name], name) for name in members],
    }
)
```

This is why the family cannot publish one population. A population is an immutable list of
prediction identities, and the five members are fitted by five notebooks at different times, so
one shared name would mean the first to run either blocks the others or publishes a snapshot
missing them.

## 4. What to notice

**A family split across notebooks needs its coverage checked somewhere, and this is that place.**
Each execution notebook can tell that it fitted every label it declared; none of them can tell
that a sixth member exists in the menu with no notebook behind it. The check in section 2 reads
the claim out of each notebook's source rather than from a list maintained here, so adding a
member to the menu without adding a notebook fails, and so does adding a notebook that duplicates
another's model.

**The five members are not a ranking.** They are a baseline and two pairs, and the interesting
comparisons are within a pair - linear map against network map in the first, pricing against
predicting in the second. Every one of those is also read against `11a`, which conditions on
nothing. A single ordering over all five would hide all of it.

**`11c` and `11e` are not a third pair, although they look like one.** Both are networks and one
imposes the factor structure while the other does not, but they differ in depth, width,
regularisation and learning rate as well, so the difference between their results is not
attributable to the structure. Reading them as a controlled comparison is the mistake this
paragraph exists to prevent.

**Nothing here compares results, and that is deliberate.** Reading the five populations against
each other, and against the linear, boosted and tabular families, is
[`13_model_analysis`](13_model_analysis.ipynb)'s job, with the whole population in front of it
and the selection rule stated. A comparison made here would be made before
[`12_causal_dml`](12_causal_dml.ipynb) has run, and selection on validation backtest Sharpe
happens in [`14_backtest`](14_backtest.ipynb) rather than on any ranking shown earlier.

**Next**: [`11a_pca`](11a_pca.ipynb) publishes the unconditional baseline and is the one to read
first, because the four that follow are all described by what they add to it.